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EVOLUTION 
EXAMINED IN THE LIGHT OF 
REVELATION AND REASON 


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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2022 with funding from 
Princeton Theological Seminary Library 


https://archive.org/details/evolutionexamineOOscha 





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MAP 24 4926 


EVOLUTION a 
EXAMINED IN THE LIGHT 
REVELATION AND REASON 






BY 


j 


ALBERT P. &CHACK, 


' Author of “‘Twelve Lectures on the Doctrines of Christianity for the New Christian A ge’; 
‘An Explanation of the Apocalypse or Revelation in the Historical Spiritual 
Sense, in concise and clear language, for the New Age”; ‘‘Demonsiration 
for the Jews, that Jesus was and is the Christ, or the Promised 
Messiah,—the Redeemer and Savior of the World” ; 
etc., etc. 





FREDERICK H. HITCHCOCK 


PUBLISHER 
NEW YORK MCMXXVI 


COPYRIGHT, 1926 
BY 
ALBERT P. SCHACK 


PREFACE 


THERE has been very much of misconception on the part 
of the religious world in regard to the elements of Evolution. 
Many would like to have its hypotheses disproved, feeling 
or believing that these were contrary to the Word of God, 
though they themselves were not sufficiently versed in science, 
or perhaps strong enough in the Word, to undertake a 
thorough examination and scrutiny to discover the real truth, 
and to unmask the sophistry of the Evolutionists. 

But they no doubt have felt that they would like some- 
one else to do it, if such a one could be found, who, com- 
bining a thorough education in natural science, and a thor- 
ough knowledge of the Sacred Scriptures, would be able to 
see clearly the sophistry palmed off or appearing as the 
truth, and to present the real facts of the case in an un- 
prejudiced manner, and to make them plain to average minds, 
so that they could grasp them, and see for themselves that 
they were true; and on the other hand, that the gratuitous 
hypotheses of the Evolutionists were, by contrast, unrea- 
sonable and not true. , 

It was my good fortune to have been educated not only 
in good schools and college in New York City, but to have 
been, in addition, carefully educated in natural science— 
chemistry, geology, mining, mineralogy, metallurgy etc., in 
the School of Mines of Columbia University, New York 
City, as a Mining Engineer; and after some years’ practice 

5 


6 Preface 


in that profession throughout the United States, I studied 
and was educated for the ministry in a Theological School 
in Boston, Mass.; and after some years’ experience in that 
profession also—as a teacher and preacher, I have since been 
a careful student of science and religion, doing whatever I 
could, by my writings as an author, in books and pamphlets, 
to instruct the world in both these departments, and as far 
as possible to unite the two in many practical and useful 
ways. | 

A few years ago, the lack of a work, and the demand 
for one, by some author capable, by sufficient education and 
preparation, which should rightly unfold the subject, and 
make it plain to the people, and at the same time withstand 
the scrutiny and criticism of all the scientists, kept pressing 
upon me, so that I finally decided, having been thus suitably 
prepared by education, as well as by a careful study of the 
specific subject in all its aspects, that I might properly under- 
take the work for the sake of humanity, and for the honor 
of God and the Divine Truth. 

And so I began it, and finally finished it. The work must 
now, of course, be left to the judgment and acceptance of 
its readers. I simply bespeak for it the blessing of God, and 
that it may help and enlighten many souls and minds. 


Ve Wai gridit 


NEw York City, 1925. 


CONTENTS 


CHAPTER PAGE 
I. The Spiritual and Natural Creation, and their Progress 9 
II. How Life is Inserted in Forms Adapted to Receive it 15 


III. Essential Difference between Man and mere animals—all other 
degrees of life. Development of lower into higher not possible 21 
IV. No Essential Change Self-caused 27 
V. “Struggle for Existence” . nie) 
VI. The Entire Geological Series 35 
with Plan or Chart of same . ; : : 2 See s0en 37 
Map of the United States and Southern Canada, showing 
southern limits of Ice thereon, and the successive moraines 
in its retreat . : é : j ! } y ; We Son 50 
VII. The Unreasonable Hypotheses of the Evolutionists 60 
VIII. The Origin of Man . 71 
IX. Professor Louis Agassiz’s Views 97 
X. The Future Lot of the Materialist 99 
XI. Warning to Students . MU ANIR edie ek Sey RTO? 
XII. General Contents of the Entire Word of God PNLO3 
XIII. Appendix: Concerning new discoveries—relics of supposed men; 
the Garden of Eden etc.; and the Ages and nations of the world 110 


1 Py’ 
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EVOLUTION 


EXAMINED IN THE LIGHT OF REVELATION 
AND REASON 


I 


THE SPIRITUAL AND NATURAL CREATION, AND THEIR 
PROGRESS 


IT is believed by advanced Christians, that the opening 
chapters of Genesis in the Bible are symbolic; and that the 
first chapter is descriptive of man’s regeneration,—that is, 
of his new or spiritual creation, with its progress from 
spiritual darkness to light, and through lower and higher 
life, ending with that which is truly human and godly called 
“man”; and that this necessary and orderly progress was 
specifically true in the case of the primeval race of men on 
the earth; and that it was true also of the Lord God the 
Savior Jesus Christ when He lived on earth, in the progress 
of “overcoming the world” by His labor in overcoming in 
temptation, and doing good, denoted by the six days of God’s 
work in creation, followed by the seventh or Sabbath of His 
glorification and rest in the Divine Essence; and that finally 
it is symbolically true of every faithful disciple of His who 
follows Him and lives from His Spirit. 

Granting this, yet in the natural or literal sense, since 
spiritual and natural creation should in general correspond, 
the first chapter of Genesis is probably a correct description 
of the general order of creation of the earth, and of the 

9 


10 Chapter I 


gradual progress upon it—in their proper successive order— 
of mineral, or metallic, earthy and aqueous substances, and > 
of vegetable, animal and human life, as far as it was possible 
to so present it in such a brief account, and so far as it was 
consistent with the representation of the six successive and 
progressive days or states of the human spirit, looking to its 
attainment of the Sabbath of peace or rest in God, the laws 
of symbolism requiring seven states to represent fullness and 
perfection, as we see in the seven successive degrees of the 
musical scale, which constitute all of sound; for this must 
have been the primary object of the account as there given 
in a book of the soul, which the Bible undoubtedly is. 

Thus no doubt the earth was at first a gaseous body 
coming from the sun by centrifugal force or otherwise, like 
a comet, with a denser eye, as it were, as the front mass, 
concentration or condensation, and from which a lighter 
gaseous substance depended and followed, and to which this 
lighter and more diffused substance, or combination of sub- 
stances, gravitated as they cooled and contracted, while the 
whole mass, both “eye” (or head) and “tail,” flew far away 
from the sun, and came back comparatively near the sun in 
its orbit of revolution around it, as comets do now; and 
gradually the orbit became more nearly a moderate ellipse 
—approximating a circle, with the sun as one of the foci, 
and as it were approaching nearer the center, till the globe 
in its orbit reached its present state. 

And it may be further admitted that it was the secondary 
intention to there present (in the chapter referred to) on the 
natural plane, a view of the general order and successive 
steps of the creation in six long periods or ages—called 
“days,” as far as this was possible in such a brief account; 


The Spiritual and Natural Creation II 


the apparent creation of the sun, moon and stars on the fourth 
day or period being a statement or description of their ap- 
pearance to an observer supposed to be on the earth’s surface, 
consequent upon the more or less dense clouds of vapor, first 
of mineral gases, and afterwards of excess of vapor of water, 
clearing away in consequence of cooling, and which had up 
to that time more or less obstructed the light, and had thus 
prevented the direct appearance of these heavenly bodies to 
such an imaginary observer, or the passage of their direct 
rays of light to the earth’s surface. 

Although the particulars cannot correspond or tally ex- 
actly in detail with the facts as shown by the fossils found 
in the complex geological strata, yet the general order of 
succession and progress from lowest to highest organisms in 
the vegetable and animal kingdoms—of plants, of bivalves 
and fish in sea and rivers—in salt and fresh waters, fowls 
in the air, and land animals ending with mammals (the ver- 
tebrate animals whose females suckle their young) ,—the 
general order of progress from the lowest to the highest 
orders of creation, as given in the Biblical account, agrees 
with the progress shown in the strata, as far as was consistent 
with its primary object of furnishing man with a symbolic 
account of his spiritual creation or regeneration in the very 
brief form in which it is given in the first chapter of Genesis. 

The creation of fishes and fowls in water and air was 
effected in quantity when the water was cool enough and the 
air was free enough; and the creation of land animals in 
large measure was next in order, when the crust of the earth 
was cool enough, and when the other elements were prepared 
for them, although of course the creations which belonged 
to the former “days” or periods or ages were continued, or 


12 Chapter I 


else other more or less similar creations took their places,— 
the preparation or former part of each period or age or 
“day” being called “evening,” and the latter part “morning”; 
and also finally man, that is, the first race of men—in the 
Hebrew called “adam” or “ha-adam”—was formed, a proper 
receptacle for, and endowed with, mind or soul, or free will 
and rationality or understanding of truth, distinctly above 
the mere animals. 

“Adam” or “ha-adam” in the Hebrew is not a proper 
name, but merely stands for man or the man—literally “red” 
or “red earth,” possibly referring to the origin of his natural 
earthly body, and symbolically denoting the good and warm 
loving. nature of the first race,_=red” {the..colorsjoraire) 
signifying this; and it was so translated (‘‘man’”’) in the first 
chapter of Genesis in King James’ Version of the Bible, and 
also in the second chapter through the 18th verse; but it 
was translated—or rather untranslated—“Adam” (though it 
properly should be translated ‘‘man” as before) from the 
19th to the 23rd verses of the second chapter. In the Revised 
version, however, it is so translated, though in the third 
chapter and 21st verse it is also untranslated, and called 
‘““Adam,” as also at the end of the fourth chapter and the 
beginning of the fifth. 

God created man, we learn from verse 7 of the second 
chapter, by forming his body of earthy material, or material 
dead substances, called in this verse “dust of the earth (or 
ground), and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life 
(literally lives), and man became a living soul’: not a mere 
animal, but a “living soul,” the animal and the material body 
being only external to that soul,—that is, the soul pervades 
these. 


The Spiritual and Natural Creation 13 


Of course, it is manifest that God could not form the 
first men from the seed of man, for there were no men before 
the first, to produce any seed. 

We read in Gen. II. 7, as just said, that “God formed 
man of the dust of the ground.” Exactly how this was done, 
we do not know, and probably cannot know. Nor is it neces- 
sary that we should know. We may know, however, that 
his body could not have been made out of the solid rocks, 
but that it must have been made from materials comminuted, 
or plastic from those rocks, that is, from sedimentary soft 
or fine material, as He forms the body of every animal, and 
also every person, or human being, in the womb now. We 
must also consider that there were no mothers at the begin- 
ning of the race, to bear and suckle and rear the children; 
and so probably mature persons, or a number of persons, 
both male and female, had to be first created, as we read in 
Gen. I. 27 and V. 2, confirmed by our Lord in Matthew 
XIX. 4 and Mark X. 6 thus: “God created or made them 
from the beginning male and female.” And since their 
bodies had to be made from fine substance or substances, 
therefore this could most properly be denominated, as it is 
termed in Gen. II. 7, “dust of the earth or ground.” 

This may be said to be no more wonderful than the crea- 
tion which God is surely performing, through or according 
to His laws, every day, hour and moment, of innumerable 
plants, animals and human beings in the womb, from their 
respective seed or eggs as beginnings, and very many also, 
no doubt, from new seeds or beginnings created, and de- 
posited in or on the earth, or in the water, by Him alone, 
as their only possible source. 2 

Woman, being essentially the love of man, symbolizes 


14 Chapter I 


his own selfhood, or love and regard for himself; and so a 
“rib” (over his heart) was said to be taken out of man and 
made alive, and brought to him, to represent his selfhood 
vivified and made good and subservient by the Lord, and 
thus granted to man, as a helpmate, or as helpful to him. 
This portion of the narrative, however, could be only true 
symbolically, thus in this spiritual serse. This therefore 
shows and explains the character of woman—what she is,— 
essentially the love of man. 

It may be said that the Lord Himself created His own 
predicted humanity in the womb of Mary successively from 
a very small or minute beginning like that of other persons, 
and it issued similarly from the womb in nine months as a 
babe. But in the first place it was not from man’s seed, but 
from something resembling it created and deposited in 
Mary’s womb immediately from the Divine or Holy Spirit 
(see Luke I. 35); and secondly, the Lord did this to comply 
as nearly as possible, with that necessary exception, with all 
man’s conditions as already in process of operation (see 
Isaiah VII. 14; IX. 6; LIII) since the creation of the first 
men and women. ‘That He could create persons originally, 
not from seed, may be admitted when we consider that He 
produced ready-made bread out of His hands, which His 
disciples took and distributed to the multitude, and that He 
furnished “good wine” not from the vine, and which Mary, 
His mother, believed that He could create from similar 
things which she must have known Him to create in cases 
of necessity previously in her own home at Nazareth. (John 


II. 1-11; VI. 5-14; Mark X. 27; Luke XVIII. 27.) 


{I 
How LIFE IS INSERTED IN FORMS ADAPTED TO RECEIVE IT 


ALL kinds of life, or specific principles, are inserted, and 
are not evolved or developed merely out of and by the forms 
themselves, although this may be the appearance. Successive 
new specific forms are first made; and life, or specific quali- 
ties or species of life or character or nature, in the sense of 
peculiar ability, are inserted into, and continued or secured 
to them according to their forms. 

As an example or illustration of life entering and ani- 
mating suitable forms, I have put a hair from a horse’s tail 
in a vessel of water for some days, and have seen one end 
of it swell into a head, distinctly visible under a magnifying 
glass; and life flowing into it, which may be supposed to be 
everywhere imminent or outpressing from within, it became 
a snake or eel swimming in the water, because it was such 
a suitable sheath or form that such corresponding primitive 
life could inhabit and use it. ‘This simple experiment can 
be tried by anyone, and the result will be seen to be as above 
stated. 

But this is not so incredible as it might as first appear. 
I have seen in my own apartment in New York City, from 
under a sofa long undisturbed, and where dust had largely 
accumulated, a hideous crawling insect creep forth like a 
centipede, seemingly composed of successive little piles of 
dust. I quickly killed it. It is commonly known that out 
of stagnant pools and decaying substances proceed germs and 
insect life of various kinds. ‘That is, noxious life receives a 
material clothing from those substances. 

15 


16 Chapter IT 


God can create new species in no other way, so as to 
separate the created things from Himself, or to make them 
individual. He brings together or constructs forms receptive 
of life from Himself, and then infils them with it. This 
must be and 'is done in every single instance of new species, 
even at the present time; and in the case of procreation, 
using the substances within the bodies of the parents. For 
example, a child in the womb is so formed or gradually 
constructed, though according to the seed, with tendencies 
within it towards good and evil, and also towards bodily 
forms, from both father and mother; and when born into 
the world, it is filled with conscious life, although while it 
is being formed, or made from imperfect to perfect, there 
is a kind of life inserted and acting; still, it is not till it is 
born, that it can be said to have the full life of a “living 
soul,” that is, conscious life. 

In order that there may be a firm foundation, God must 
begin, after the creation of suns and their atmospheres, with 
the lowest forms of creation in planets, that is, the mineral 
or dead forms, by condensation from gas and liquid. ‘These 
He follows with the vegetable forms or species growing in 
the minerals, that is, in earths or soils from the minerals or 
dead substances; then with the animals in or on the mineral 
—in the sense of dead matter, as fishes in water, birds in 
air, and land animals resting on the earths, all being pre- 
served or sustained, or at least principally, by means of the 
vegetable kingdom. 

Lastly, man was created, who lives, as to his material 
body as a basis, on mineral or earths as ground to rest on, 
and for food and drink partly from minerals or inorganic 
substances, as salt and water, partly from vegetables, and 


Life Inserted in. Adapted Forms 17 


partly also from animals. But he has another and different 
form from any of the mere animals; and God has made him 
to be man or distinctly human, by inserting a mental and 
spiritual nature within the new form, as the highest or 
supreme or inmost part of it. He has indeed the lower 
natures also—the natural and sensual, similar to those of 
the mere animals; but these lower natures can never be 
developed into the higher, but should be kept in their places, 
and entirely ruled by the higher; and this is what is meant, 
in the primary or spiritual sense, by the plan and command 
of God in creating man, as recorded in Gen. I. 26, 28, that 
man, as identified with his higher or spiritual nature, should 
have dominion over all the animals, that is, over all the 
elements of his lower or animal nature or “natural man,” 
symbolized by the ‘“‘fish of the sea, birds of the heavens (or 
the air), and every living thing that moveth or creepeth 
upon the earth,”’—that is, land animals. 

The “fish of the sea,” or of the waters be/ow the land, 
symbolize in man the various kinds of desires, and efforts to 
think, in the Jower or scientific mind, and concerning the 
objects or facts of the memory; the “birds of the air” (or 
“heavens” )—above the land and water—denote the various 
kinds of desires and efforts to think in the higher or tntellec- 
tual or rational mind, and the thoughts of reason; and the 
animals which live and move upon the land, symbolize the 
natural affections or desires and appetites of the natural man; 
and ‘“‘man,” as essentially a spiritual being, is commanded to 
govern all these, or to have dominion over them, and to use 
them for the sake of the spiritual man or region of his being, 
and thus for God and the Divine Truth of the Word. 

On account of being endowed with free-will, or ability 


18 Chapter II 


to choose or to do good or evil, man was said to have been 
at first placed in a spiritual garden, called the “Garden of 
Eden” or of “pleasantness” or “delight” (that is, this was 
his first state), where grew celestial “life” and natural 
“knowledge,” (called “‘trees”), eating the fruit of, or reliance 
on, the latter—to determine what was right or wrong, or 
good or evil—being possible to him. 

Having this endowment of freedom to live from God 
or from self, by his wrong choice of its exercise he fell into 
the lower nature, but with the possibility still of returning 
into the higher. This latter return is regeneration from 
God, with man’s co-operation. 

All through our lives, if we are being regenerated, that 
is, if we are advancing spiritually, the same law and method 
of insertion of higher within lower things is going on. As 
we rise above lower motives and thoughts, and purify the 
lower nature in accordance with truths and principles or 
precepts or Commandments from the Divine Word, and by 
obedience thereto, God successively inserts a higher and 
higher nature, or motives, principles and life, within the 
lower, like soul within body; and thenceforth the higher 
pervade the lower, and use and govern them, or should do 
so. Purified lower principles, or lower natures, as said 
above, do not in such case develop into the higher; but they 
become servants to the higher, which are discreetly above 
the lower. 

But can the Creator make every different form, or 
myriads of different forms, and insert a specific and different 
characteristic nature within every one of theme There is no 
dificulty here. Every distinct and good species must be 
first made by Him. It is just as easy for Him to make 


Life Inserted.in Adapted Forms 19 


millions or billions as one. It is true that God permits every 
species after its creation to propagate offspring, for He has 
implanted this as one of the important functions of every 
species; and He must be well pleased that every species 
should be improved and perfected to the uttermost. But 
He knows that only a very limited modification is possible, 
and that radically new species are among the impossible 
things for us, or for any other creatures. He therefore 
always has done and always will and must do, the work of 
the original creation of each of such distinct species, without 
the intervention of any already-existing species. 

It was one of the remarkable statements of the scientist 
and theologian, Emanuel Swedenborg, that evil animals, as 
wolves, tigers, venomous serpents etc., live or derive their 
origin from the nature and life of evil spirits in the spiritual 
world, which he thus regarded as being in close conjunction 
with the natural world, as the soul is to the body. And he 
also says that evil or noxious plants or vegetables, as for 
example the “deadly upas-tree,” the virulent rhus toxicoden- 
dron or poison-ivy, rhus querca-folio or poison-oak, and rhus 
venenata or poison-sumach, the well-known nux vomica or 
strychnine, aconite, belladona, etc., which are used in medi- 
cine to absorb malignities or diseases, have their life or 
origin from the same source, as also poisonous minerals, such 
as arsenic and antimony. ‘There certainly seems to be ground 
for this belief of the more or less direct or remote origin 
and continuance of such poisonous and noxious animals, 
vegetables and minerals in nature, when we consider that 
the Creator, being a God of Divine Love and Goodness, 
could not directly create any evil thing. We continually see 
that putrid and decaying substances furnish receptacles and 


20 Chapter II 


spheres for the reception of noxious life, which seems to 
proceed out of them (see Exodus XVI. 20). That is, all 
life comes from God, directly or indirectly; but evil and 
poisonous life must result from that life perverted. 

It is a law of divine order, that life or a living spirit is 
not denied, but is given to, and proceeds according to, the 
procreated seed and its naturally resulting form, whether 
that seed and that form be good or evil. In the latter case, 
it is perverted life. This is the law of freedom, by which 
God does not refuse to let the evil live, though He warns 
them, in the case of human beings, in His Word, of the 
awful consequences and unhappiness of such life, which He 
calls “death,’—“where their worm dieth not, and the fire is 
not quenched” (Mark IX. 48). 

These living evil spheres thence descend, or are ex- 
pressed, into the material world, where they enter, inspirit, 
or excite to activity, the corresponding substances there, 
whether minerals, plants or animals, as well as man, so that 
everything resulting is detrimental and harmful instead of 
blessing. ‘This was the case with the Israelites, who by dis- 
obedience to the divine commandments, obtained a curse 
throughout their land: see Genesis III. 18; Levit. XXVI. 
14-33; and Job XXXI. 39, 40. See also Matth. VIII. 28-32 
for the effect of evil spheres upon animals; and Rev. XII. 
12, 13, for their effect on human beings. 


III 


ESSENTIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAN AND MERE ANIMALS 
—ALL OTHER DEGREES OF LIFE. DEVELOPMENT OF 
LOWER INTO HIGHER NOT POSSIBLE. 


FISH could not be developed from oysters. Animals do 
not differ essentially by forms or material substances; but 
by characteristic natures or instincts and desires and habits 
—higher or lower. Man could not have been developed 
from the’ baboon: but it is rational to suppose that bodies 
were first made for man or races of men somewhat like those 
of the higher animals, as the ape or gorilla, but of much 
finer, more delicate and perfect substance or combination of 
substances, structure and form, though of various degrees 
and grades, but a new and higher step in creation, adapted 
to the reception of a higher nature; and that the Creator 
inserted in those bodies—in the brains—a free will and 
understanding (with organic derivations, having sensation or 
feeling, throughout the body) as a soul, to know and receive 
and act from Him and to love Him, and afterwards in the 
later ages—to learn or read the precepts of the written Word 
and to conform his life to them. ‘These things are not pos- 
sible for animals. ‘They have no internal mind, no appre- 
ciation of spiritual life, no thought of life hereafter, and 
consequently no eternal life; for they are not capable of 
regeneration. God addressed no beast for the sake of in- 
struction, salvation or regeneration; Christ while on earth 
addressed none. The animal soul, analogously to the soul 
of the tree, though of a higher degree than that of the tree, 


must be dissipated after death. If it were not so, it would 
21 


oe Chapter III 


be a crime to kill beasts or mere animals; and yet we con- 
tinually kill them for food; and in the Sacred Scriptures 
it was expressly allowed, from the time of Noah, to kill and 
eat all beasts, birds and fishes, though not animal blood (see 
Genesis IX. 1-4), the Israelites being allowed to eat only 
those which were called “clean” (see Deuteronomy XIV. 
3-20); and the permission to kill and eat animals may be 
also recognized from the institution of the Passover (Exodus 
XII. 3-9): only it was forbidden to eat or drink the blood, 
as in Deuteronomy XII. 23, 24 or the fat—see Leviticus 
III. 16, 17, that is, during the time that the church was in 
mere representatives, which it was before the Lord’s incarna- 
tion,—-since to eat these elements, which represented spiritual 
or heavenly truth and good, would represent the falsification 
and profanation of these holy things, and misusing them in 
their lives. 

That the purpose or end of God was to create man, as 
the only being who was to be capable of eternal life and 
happiness, may be seen from Isaiah XLV. 11, 12, where it 
is written: “Thus saith Jehovah . . . I have made the earth, 
and created man upon it,” where no other creature is men- 
tioned, thus showing that man only was the important being 
and object of God’s creation. 

In Psalm CXLVIII, we have an exhortation to praise 
the Lord, apparently addressed not only to “angels” and 
‘all people,” but also to “fire and hail, snow and vapor, 
stormy wind fulfilling His Word”; to “mountains and trees, 
beasts and all cattle” etc.; and also it is said in Psalm CL, 
“Let everything that hath breath praise Jehovah (or the 
Lord),” with similar expressions in some other places,—as if 
inanimate objects and mere animals could do this. In the 


Difference between Men and Animals 23 


spiritual sense, these expressions mean that every department 
and faculty in angels and men, from highest to lowest, should 
praise the Lord; but in the literal sense they must be re- 
garded as a poetic way of saying that all such things and 
creatures as are there enumerated should render testimony 
and contribute to the praise of God, and to cause His Name 
to be revered by human beings. 

In regard to the mention of beasts in the Apocalypse 
or Revelation, which seems to imply that beasts are in the 
spiritual world, that is, that they have gone or emerged there 
from this world, it may be said that the Apocalypse is a 
prediction of the state of the First Christian Church with 
its changes and deterioration, culminating in its most evil 
and corrupt and profane states, necessitating the Last Judg- 
ment, pictured however in pure symbols, and succeeded by 
the New and true, angelic and enlightened Christian Church, 
depicted or symbolized in the two last chapters (XXI and 
XXII) by the “New Jerusalem”; and it is there intended 
to depict, by the “leopard” and the false “lamb” who “spake 
like a dragon,” for instance, both of these being described 
in the 13th chapter of that book, classes of people of the 
laity and clergy—in the decaying or corrupt Reformed 
church, who resemble or resembled those beasts on account 
of their characteristics—as Herod was of the nature of a 
‘fox,’ and was so called by our Lord Jesus Christ Himself 
(as recorded in Luke XIII. 32) although Herod was still 
a man, and capable of regeneration during his life in this 
world. 

The scenery—minerals, trees and vegetation, and animals, 
such as are represented in the Revelation, and which must 
surround, or be near, societies of people in the spiritual 


24 Chapter ITI 


world, being spiritual, cannot be the spirits of the same gone 
out of this world; but they must be lower and higher forms, 
representative—or concrete images—of the characters, or 
thoughts and affections of the people or human spirits them- 
selves; and they must be connected, as it were, with invisible 
spiritual cords to them. They must, therefore, appear with 
the activity of the special life of the spirits, and vanish when 
- the thoughts and affections of the latter cease. The reason 
why they must appear practically or comparatively per- 
manent in heaven and hell themselves, is because the thought 
and affections of angels or demons are correspondingly per- 
manent. Still, they must vary to some extent even with them. 

The soul of all animals is natural or sensual affection and 
appetite. ‘They therefore look to the earth and to sustenance 
thence. At least it may be said, even in the case of what 
are sometimes denominated the “nobler animals” or nobler 
species, that they see or consider nothing above the natural 
realm—nothing spiritual; nor are they capable thereof. They 
can weigh or judge no motive, or radically change their life. 
The seemingly intelligent and noble traits exhibited by such 
animals as the St. Bernard dogs and some others, to watch 
over and preserve their masters and to save the natural lives 
of human beings when taught to do so, must therefore be 
given them, while they live, by the Creator for the use of 
man. The inmost soul of man, on the other hand, that is, 
the purely human life of which he is capable, is spiritual 
and heavenly affection. It is distinctly above the natural, 
as heaven is above the earth. There is, therefore, no ratio 
on the same plane between beasts and man proper, because 
a man’s soul or mind, as such, is distinctly above that of a 
beast. Man is created in the image of God, as we read in 


Difference between Men and Animals 25 


Genesis I. 26 and 27, and was enjoined to have dominion 
over the animals—v. 28; and this is reiterated by Paul (I 
Corinthians XI. 7 and Colossians III. 10) and by James 
(III. 9)—that man is made “in the image and after the 
similitude of God,” differently from mere animals. Man 
has free will, and can do good and benefit others, or do evil 
and harm them; but a beast can be conscious of no such 
choice. 

It is fair to say that, in a generation or during a lifetime, 
any sane man—Indian or negro, Mongolian or Hottentot— 
could learn or be taught to speak, and to read the Bible in 
some language, and be regenerated, though every one of 
course differently according to education and brightness, and 
consequent facility in learning, as is indeed the case with all 
the rest of the human family: but the point is, that they 
all could do it in time, after a fashion,—whereas the monkey, 
ape, baboon, chimpanzee or gorilla never can, because they 
have no adequate created form or vessel or receptacle in the 
brains, constructed there by the Creator, and hence could not 
receive therein the requisite qualities of mind or soul, which 
could enable them to do it. It is beyond belief, that is, in- 
credible, and an aspersion against the goodness, justice and 
mercy of the Almighty, that if they could, it would be denied 
them, as it undoubtedly is. But all human beings of sound 
mind are capable of lower or higher regeneration—of loving 
God and the neighbor; all are in the image of God in this 
respect, that they have free-will and rationality to go above 
the natural or sensual realm, which not a single beast has. 
And it is a fact most significant, as showing the distinct line 
of demarcation which in the Creator’s eyes exists, and was 
intended to exist, between man and the mere animals or 


26 Chapter III 


beasts, that in Leviticus XVIII. 23, and Exodus XII. 19, a 
mixing of man with beast was severely forbidden as defile- 
ment and “confusion”; and it was commanded that all people 
who committed such defilement and confusion should be put 
to death. 

It is incorrect, therefore, to say that man is an animal: 
but man is essentially a human spirit—a spiritual being, who 
has a lower or secular intellectual mind, and an animal or 
sensual or lowest degree of his nature, which he is to govern 
and control and keep under, with his material body, which 
his spiritual body inhabits while sojourning in this material 
world. Man is a little universe or “microcosm,” as the 
ancients said,—from highest to lowest; but no animal is, 
because it lacks the highest planes; and his (man’s) primal 
business and duty—so as to attain and sustain his proper 
sphere or place in creation, as said above, is to have dominion 
over all the lower things or faculties or propensities of his 
nature. The fact that he can, and in many cases does, allow 
his sensual or lower faculties to rule over him, and thus 
turns himself and created or intended order upside down, 
enables him, by the use of his God-given freedom and his 
inventive faculty, to become worse than any beast. 


IV 
No ESSENTIAL CHANGE SELF-CAUSED 


By “natural selection,’ a species able to withstand 
changes of outward environment, or difficult or adverse cir- 
cumstances, is supposed to remain; while others, not able or 
suited or fitted to endure such changes or hardships, perish 
and disappear. And by “sexual selection” it has been sup- 
posed that animals select superior mates in form and ap- 
pearance, and thus produce superior progeny, while the 
inferior tend to remain unmated and to die without produc- 
ing offspring. But even granting that this hypothesis might 
be true, no new species could be produced by it, but only 
superior individuals of the same species. 

It is supposed also, that extensions or additions or sub- 
stitutions are made in the structure, both of man’s body, and 
of the bodies of the lower or mere animals, to suit adverse 
or differing circumstances; and by supposing millions of 
years as the time in which these additions or changes were 
produced, the evolutionist thinks that they could and did 
so occur or evolve. 

But not the smallest addition or effect could be produced 
without an internal constructing and creative cause, no mat- 
ter what unlimited time, even billions of years, were allowed 
for such change. It is absolutely irrational to suppose that 
nothing can produce something, no matter how advisable or 
needful it might be, or how outward environment or cir- 
cumstances might call for a supposed useful appendage or 
addition to a form. Nor could any animal, or even man, 
of themselves, produce such things. 

27 


28 Chapter IV 


And yet when the Creator’s hand, or internal causation 
according to order, is operating, as in the case of the tad- 
pole transformed into the frog, for instance, or of the cater- 
pillar into the butterfly, remarkable. changes ensue in a very 
little time; and so in every case of births of animals, and 
growth and formation of flowers, vegetables and grains 
among plants, one year, and in some of the smaller species 
of animals much less time, suffices to produce the various 
successive transformations from beginning to end—from seed 
to fruit or harvest, and from embryo or egg to living animal, 
and in some cases to maturity. : 

The changes of the human embryo are sometimes ad- 
duced by the evolutionist as presenting some analogy to 
changes from species to species of animals, with the deduc- 
tion therefrom that this proves that one animal higher in 
the scale was produced and developed from a lower, and in 
fact that a complete succession of changes have occurred 
with development, from the lowest animals to the highest, 
and even to man. This is the development theory of Darwin. 

Since the nature of these changes is not generally known, 
and since some have supposed that the changes are from 
some lower form of animal, through higher forms, including 
the ape or baboon, to the final form of the human babe, I 
quote from “Human Embryology” by Keibel and Mall, 
Volume I, showing, by careful observation and diagrams, 
that no such succession of animal species or forms precedes 
the human form of the babe in the womb; but that there 
is simply produced at first a general form, chiefly of the 
head, in a horizontal position, and that this afterwards rises 
‘Into a vertical position; and that the head and face, with 
trunk and organs, hands and feet, proceeding therefrom, 


No Essential Change Self-caused 29 


become more and more distinct, till the child is born as a 
living conscious human babe. 

“From 12 to 60 days the form is called an embryo, the 
head from the neck lying horizontal till the 45th day, the 
features being indistinct and rude,—when it rises, and the 
hands and feet begin to appear. At the 6oth day it becomes 
quite vertical, and hands and feet and organs become quite 
distinct; and the face and features also begin to be distinct, 
and the form is called fetus.” 

After that, it simply becomes more and more distinct and 
perfect till at the end of the ninth month, as a rule, it is 
born into the world, a perfect human child. 

But the astounding fact confronts us that the marvellous 
successive changes of the human embryo and fetus even to 
the last supreme and most wonderful result—a human being 
born on the earth—are all executed and finished, as just said, 
within the short space of nine months, and entirely without 
the least consciousness or aid or co-operation of the embryo 
or fetus itself. ‘The fact that these changes are occurring in 
succession gradually, though so quickly, does not show that 
God is making various animals one after another, but simply 
and solely that He is forming thus gradually, in every single 
case, an infant man or woman, which He so wonderfully 
does, in about nine months’ time. And singularly enough, 
these marvellous metamorphoses of the human embryo or 
fetus, all proceeding in the same inevitable order to the 
determinate end, appear to be unwittingly supposed by the 
evolutionist to be successively and progressively self-causing, 
without being fashioned by the Creator’s Spirit or power or 
design or wisdom—thus that these changes with their final 
supreme result are virtually without a cause. 


30 Chapter IV 


Is it rational to think that these transformations were 
self-caused? Can dead matter cause itself to do anything? 
Especially can it produce orderly and wonderful forma- 
tions? Must not this be done by the operations of creative | 
law directed by a wonderful and powerful mind? Is it the 
part of a rational being to suppose that the earth turns itself 
on its axis and travels around the sun with such precision 
that the time of beginning and end of a complete revolution 
can be calculated to the fraction of a second? Must not this 
be the work of an all-wise and all-powerful Creator? And 
in the cases of the exact occurrence and recurrence of eclipses 
of the sun and moon, and the revolutions of the other planets 
—mighty Jupiter and Saturn, and far-off Uranus and Nep- 
tune, and the myriads of suns and their probable planets— 
all are so wonderful and so evidently the work of divine and 
infinite wisdom and order and almighty power, that it has 
been said that “an undevout astronomer is mad.” And is 
an undevout observer of the wonderful phenomena, and of 
the creation and transformations, adaptations and bountiful 
provisions, with their order and wisdom on the earth, any 
the less mad? It may be that it is the part of rigid or hide- 
bound or short-sighted so-called science to renounce and 
try to bar out God from His works, of Whom our Lord 
says that ‘a sparrow doth not fall to the ground without 
Him (Matth. X. 29), and of Whom the Psalmist says “Thy 
hands have made me and fashioned me” (Ps. CXIX. 73; 
see also John I. 3), and “Thou openest Thine hand, and 
satisfiest the desire of every living thing” (Ps. CXLV. 16), 
and that “every beast of the forest is His, and the cattle upon 
a thousand hills,” and that “the world is His, and the full- 
ness thereof” (Ps. L. ro-12): but it is not the part of broad 


No Essential Change Self-caused 31 


and far-seeing rationality or wisdom, or genuine science, to 
try to do this. 

The “survival of the fittest,’ that is, the strongest and 
most comely, as a consequence of ‘“‘natural” and ‘‘sexual selec- 
tion,’ has been thought by evolutionists to have been the 
means whereby improvement in races or species of animals 
has come. This is supposed to have resulted from the superior 
excellence of form and size and strength of the few which 
remained or survived, while the many perished; and also 
by the stronger attacking and overcoming and destroying the 
weaker. 

But evil beasts are the ones that fight and often conquer 
and destroy. he good or harmless do not. If they fought 
at all, it would only be to defend themselves; and thus there 
would naturally be a survival of evil beasts, and not good, 
and thus of the fierce and cruel; and so the evil-natured 
animals would succeed to the mild and gentle animals, if 
the survival of the strongest or aggressive animals were the 
tule. Mixtures, or cross-breeds, or products of different 
kinds of animals, vegetables and fruits, as the mule from 
the horse and ass, and the loganberry from the blackberry 
and raspberry, are not natural products, but from man’s 
mixing them, or from grafting or pollenization. 


V 
“STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE” 


DARWIN and others have calculated that in 750 years the 
living offspring of a pair of elephants unchecked would 
number nearly 19,000,000; that if each egg should produce 
an adult, a single pair of codfish in 25 years would make 
a mass larger than the earth; and that the invisible infusoria, 
if continued at their most rapid rate of division or increase 
for 38 days, would produce a mass of protoplasm equal to 
the sun in size. Darwin and his followers—the evolutionists 
—argue from these premises or hypotheses that the strongest 
must have struggled to remain, while the weaker animals, 
the vast majority, must have died, as being unable to resist 
the adverse circumstances of climate etc., and the combat 
of their fellows to obtain limited quantities of food. 

In the first place, such estimates as the above are foolish, 
and the results of the estimates impossible of realization, 
inasmuch as the supposed enormous aggregates of material 
produced from the species named, would be manifold greater 
than the material of the earth’s surface and its surrounding 
atmosphere, from whence it must be derived. The estimates 
and belief are however on a par with the vain and irrational 
method of thought of the evolutionists in assuming that 
results may be produced without a sufficient operating cause; 
and that outward changed circumstances can somehow ensure 
a needed or desirable change in an animal, which cannot 
itself create or produce anything,—as if the plant could grow 
of itself without the heat and light of the sun, or without 
the Creator, or as if something could be produced from 

32 


“Struggle for. Existence” 33 


nothing. All such suppositions are of course absurd (see 
Luke XII. 25-28). 

But such suppositions are not necessary, when it is recol- 
lected that the locations and areas of land and water have 
changed in many places, the beds of the oceans being ele- 
vated, so that they have become dry,—thus exterminating 
large numbers of the fish, while the land was submerged,— 
thus exterminating many of the land animals; and in each 
case, new species must have been afterwards created, and 
some of these after death fossilized. This was the case 
notably at the close of Paleozoic or Ancient Time, and at 
the end of the Mesozoic or Middle Time, and prior to the 
Cenozoic or Recent Time: see the schedule or chart of the 
Geologic Ages, Eras and Periods, etc., on pages 36 and 37. 

Finally, when even in our own time, such violent catas- 
trophes or cataclysms occur, as within a few years have taken 
place at Galveston, Texas, .at San Francisco, Cal., and at 
Messina, Sicily, submerging and destroying by tidal wave, 
earthquake and volcanic eruption, large portions of the land, 
and many lives of animals and human beings, it would seem 
—it is most likely—that in ancient geologic times, when 
changes by elevation, subsidence and submergence, were fre- 
quent, that vast quantities of vegetable and animal life were 
swept away, and new species were begun, some of them being 
continued into succeeding ages; but others of them were laid 
down in the strata or destroyed, never to rise or be seen 
again. 

Dana in his Geology, attributes this disappearance, or 
these exterminations of life at the end of Paleozoic Time, 
or that of Ancient Life, when the Appalachian Chain was 
raised, to 


34 Chapter V 


(1) a colder climate on land, and colder water destroying 
the marine species living in the waters; and 

(2) to earthquake waves produced by the mountain 
formations or elevations. Incalculable violence and great 
surgings of the ocean, which occurred and were often re- 
peated during flexures miles in height and space, and vast 
slips along newly opened fractures, would have surely re- 
sulted in the devastation of the sea-border and low-lying land 
of the period, and the destruction of their animals and plants. 
The same waves and earthquakes swept over and befel Euro- 
pean land and seas. These times of catastrophe may have 
continued in America through half the following Triassic 
Era, for fully two-thirds of that are unrepresented by rocks 
and fossils on the Atlantic border. 

Similar disappearance of species and large marine exter- 
minations by cold of the Arctic regions, and ocean currents 
flowing from them southward, and earthquake waves due to 
the elevation of the Rocky Mountains, took place at the close 
of Mesozoic Time, or that of Middle Life. 


VI 
THE ENTIRE GEOLOGICAL SERIES 


To enable the reader to appreciate, with some degree 
of clearness, the foregoing and the succeeding remarks in 
reference to the successive geological formations, and the 
possible lengths of time which have been calculated for them 
from the thickness of their strata and the varying rate of 
their subsidence, from 1 foot in 1000 years to 1 foot in 5000 
years, a scheme or schedule is here presented, which may be 
found helpful to refer to, and as just said, to assist the mind 
of the reader. ‘The thickness of the formations or strata 
have been taken or calculated from actual measurements of 
their maximum thickness; and though not absolutely correct 
for all localities, may be considered fair approximations and 
averages. 


WORD OF EXPLANATION FOR THE READER: 


Since the Chart, with its two parts, which now follows on 
its two opposite pages, is the unique design of the author, and 
impracticable or very difficult for the printer or engraver 
to reproduce or imitate, it was thought best to have it 
photographed and reproduced from the author’s own orig- 
inal; and for the same to be done in the case also of the Map 
with its two parts on opposite pages which will be seen 
further on, since the author desired the illustrations to be 
correct for the reader’s mind, rather than merely more per- 
fect in external forms or type without such correctness. 





35 


.—.-— <: s 














































TIME hes NA CYT WLLL Lenwth 
OR banal CHD Depth ef Strat of Ties ! 
A CE, iw Feet, aw RSs 
i wy. 
: Maree ciewera inna Oar | 
e wo A | . 
b | 
y) re j 
© ad > . 
% g e ‘ 
ts ne bi 
if “ ’ ‘ 
> rye & 1s ELS 59 2 ee 
te 2 Tite Owe, M 
? S = "RYO Ce Buco l. 1 
Ce) bacene |= 1.278 te 15: ts 
p24 oh. sth Fe ify ; 
‘ a 
: 2 I 
g rer | a 
ahs ify Nn! 
Kid al 
ie ae Cena arent | 
= Ci he an petreste i 5G 200, O00 | 
¥ ne 1 oF 
: : S| 
by = ™ Sea on 
et pes | 
Bi hee | 
v ty 
pal Carbon: coalse.- 6/.~| = , 
rae iferous,| Ute 


(Wi Wasatch Mts] 










Hees ate enseeunl _Gooa qmte. te. 


aft ate enseeunl 


reel 
~~ 


S4 o~ 





Teme 





bay aa oo 


“a tein ts 
sale 


-™ ee) 





or 
fea 


elL.eclay 3 scd.c sandstone; sh.eshates +limasTanes 
stlr= silictoussarqaargilaceeus ; trite <q ucrteite; 
Se MRT CULU Ua rel yt ives; Pa, Pen meulyes 


36 


a) 


Paleoxzwote 


eI ASKS) 





TWOKUS Wammeals twice wetg Lof wooden ene 
odow’ Jools high and iz- --5' Lovee) SAG Neale aAppeayv, 
soon after eee Wade f marshes, tu whlelr 
had been wire ov pies eae oo RU a ARS 


Meu Firot aprpedy in number's 



















































VEX s a Mts: 
| wer Qe wed 
2 1 Sey 3S 38 The Mankey TORTIE eee STe ere: 
Bis ose a pe iw Muwmbers, 
fe Us ons SEG BE: 
wm ha heen Ge.¢ Wirales un seas befove cluse of Fiocene. 
~ S v Rost. ine 
MW SSeRA te 
. 5 Rock Mts.clevated ,Stevra Nevada Mts. (Cal) ratsed, 
ah i rf as 
Boe pes 
6 .Pe AS S vu 
a oe Moustvous Reptiles cveated eta 
P> y ate hie 
Mg Sie) 
<4 8 tas y U 
we UR 
; s ro 2G. 
—_ Appatse prim Aleghancs, Reptiles beg UL Vea 
| Tee ear UL iter uiwmacls: 
Be, i [ Seclaeet Nie Hveles 
Fern-'T'vees, eer: chy ch Insacts., 


| : 
Vertebratehishes, 





















Breet NAR Cece lea Corals 


Fraviliest Jusects 
creck Fish 2S. 


ee ee cca ee aac e re aera rca r rarer errr aac rerc acre EIT TEED EE INEIENSSIRIL 


owes 
w/ege ey 


Sea 





: 4 Lawest ‘Animals: 
a Aes: S 0 uges Corals, Worws, 
Al gas ay Sedrweedd, Mollusks ete.~ (eee s 


Adiyawd acks ratsed} and Chvecu Mts. of Vermant, 


Cal.s=Californeca. 
37 


38 Chapter VI 


The Archean Age or Time includes merely the first solid 
crust of the globe, or rock of granite and the like, cooled, 
and so solidified, first from the outermost of the planet’s 
gaseous and afterwards molten spherical mass or envelope, 
and successively added to downward; so that it is practically 
impossible to estimate the time of its formation with any 
degree of reliability. 

But in the succeeding Ages, in the Paleozoic and Meso- 
zoic Ages or Times, and in the Tertiary Era of Cenozoic or 
Recent Time, the deposits being sedimentary beds laid down 
by water, and added to therefore from below upward from 
the primary Archean rock, the thickness of the /imestone 
has been carefully found—measured and noted,—laid down 
slowly under the sea, and a rate of subsidence allowed of 1 
foot in sooo years; while in the case of other kinds of 
material, as sandstone, shale, silicious and argillaceous ma- 
terials—laid down from rivers or fresh water, the same care 
has been taken to find their maximum depths; and a swifter 
rate of subsidence allowed, as suggested by actual observa- 
tions of the depth of debris brought and laid down in a 
given time by several well-known rivers of the world, such 
as the Amazon, Mississippi, etc., of 1 foot in 1000 years. 

In the Quaternary Era, in the Glacial Period, the thick- 
ness of ice is estimated to have been 2500 to 6500 feet, and 
the moraine matter is 4000 to 5000 feet; and there appeared 
to have been in North America, as reckoned by some, five 
successive ice invasions from the north, in the region of 
Labrador on the east, and Hudson Bay on the west, as fol- 
lows: 


The Entire Geological Series 39 


(1) the “sub-Aftonian or Jerseyan,” to Iowa and New Jersey, say 950 
miles; 

(2) the “Kansan,” to Kansas etc., say 1000 miles; 

(3) the “Tllinois,” to Illinois etc., say 950 miles; 

(4) the “Iowa,” to Iowa etc., say 850 miles; 

(5) the “late Wisconsin,” to Wisconsin etc., say 850 miles. 

Total, 4600 miles, 


each invasion being succeeded by a retreat, that is, by the 
ice melting: hence, say 4600 *K 2 = 9200 miles (X 5280 feet 
to the mile) = about 48,000,000 feet, invading and receding, 
possibly at the rate of about 200 feet per year, lasting there- 
fore about 240,000 years. 

This rate of 200 feet per year for the average time of the 
invading and receding of the ice in America, as well as in 
Europe, was as late as about 1890, regarded by some scientific 
men as about correct, and none too slow, thus making the 
time of the Glacial Period or Epoch, as said, about 240,000 
years or more. 

But since then, by estimates of the rapidity of movement 
of the glaciers or ice-fields in several places, both of invasion 
or accumulation, and of recession or disappearance by melt- 
ing, these have been considered by careful scientific observers 
to have been effected very much more swiftly, in fact sur- 
prisingly so, as of the great Humboldt glacier of the Green- 
land ice-sheet, whose velocity, determined by Danish sur- 
veyors, has led to an estimate of an average of the Glacial 
Period of about 1 mile in 8 years, which would make the 
time of invasion, for an average of 1000 miles, 8000 years, 
and for the recession by melting 8000 years additional, mak- 
ing the total time 16,000 years. This is northeast of North 
America. 


40 Chapter VI 


On the northwestern extremity of North America, in 
Alaska, the Muir Glacier retreated from 1886 to 1906, that 
is, in 20 years, 7 miles, or about 1 mile every 3 years. 

And according to Dr. Warren Upham, who for many 
years was engaged by the state of Minnesota, the United 
States Geological Survey, and Canada, in surveying the Red 
River of the North, the entire time occupied by the retreat 
of the ice from the Canadian border to Hudson Bay, about 
500 miles, was about 1500 years. For an average of 1000 
miles (that is, 500 miles from the southern limit to Canada) 
the time would be according to this estimate 3000 years. 
Supposing the advance to have been equally rapid, the total 
advance and retreat would have been effected in 6000 years. 
But supposing the advance to have taken 4 times as long, or 
12,000 years, the total by the same method would have occu- 
pied 15,000 years. 

Furthermore, as will be presented and explained with 
the Map of the United States and Southern Canada, the idea 
of more than one entire advance and retreat of the Ice from 
Labrador and the territory around Hudson Bay to the ex- 
treme south, and return therefrom, say on the average about 
1000 or 1200 miles, is probably fallacious; the entire time of 
the Glacial Period from beginning to end of advance from 
north to south over this distance, and retreating by melting 
from south to north over the same distance, may be regarded 
in all probability as about, or not over, 20,000 years, as will 
be explained further on. 

It is also believed that in the other continents, in South 
America from the Andes etc., as in Europe, and in Asia 
from the northern mountains there, the Glacial Period oc- 


The Entire Geological Series 41 


curred in about the same time, and was performed with the 
Same rapidity, namely in about 20,000 years. 

Since then, including the Champlain Period, the time— 
about 7000 to gooo years—has been estimated aware the ob- 
served and estimated rate of recession by wearing away of 
material (at 5 feet a year) of Niagara Falls from Queenston 
Heights to their present position—7 miles, or about 36,000 
feet, making the elapsed time about 7000 years, because this 
cutting must have been done since the Glacial Period, be- 
cause the gorge or channel was then—during that Period— 
filled up with ice and the debris from the ice; and from the 
recession of the Falls of St. Anthony from the junction of 
the Mississippi River with the Minnesota River below Min- 
neapolis to their present position—10 miles, or about 53,000 
feet (at 6 feet a year), making the elapsed time about 9,000 
years. 

The entire age of the globe since the solid crust formed, 
that is, after the Archean Age, to the present time, from the 
estimates as given in the schedule, would be from about 153,- 
000,000 to 207,000,000 years. 


To the above I will add the following information, with 
Map of United States and Canada: 
In regard to the cause of the Glacial Period and its ice, 


42 Chapter VI 


Professor G. F. Wright in his work on “The Ice Age in 
North America” says: 

“The Glacial epoch or period was a catastrophe resulting 
from the culmination of the effects of slow moving causes 
leading up to it in the latter part of the Tertiary Era, when 
the vast continental uplifts were taking place, not merely 
in the Northern Hemisphere, but throughout the whole 
world. 

“The Glacial epoch was pre-eminently of wide-spread 
increased preciptation, and lower temperature. This great 
increase in precipitation, and high elevation, furnishes us 
with adequate cause for producing the peculiar gravel depo- 
sition of this age. 

“Glacial ice was over Europe as over America, southeast 
from Scandinavia to Russia and southward to the Carpathian 
Mts. in Hungary about 1000 miles, and also from the 
Laurentian highlands (or Mountains, from Labrador to the 
Arctic Ocean) over the Great Lakes to Southern Illinois, 
and westward to the base of the Rocky Mts.” about the same 
1000 miles (from north to south), the advance occupying 
possibly 10,000 years. If we allow the same time, 10,000 
for retreating and melting, the total would be 20,000 years 
for the Glacial Period. 

“The enormous load of ice pressing down on the strata 
below, would produce a subsidence of 600 ft. at Montreal, 
1000 ft. in Labrador, and 1500 to 2000 ft. in West Greenland 
and Grinnell Land. 

‘When the abnormal load of ice had been removed, the 
elevatory or upward pressing forces reasserted their influ- 
ence, as they have since, raising portions of the region still 
higher than they had formerly reached. But at the close 


The Entire Geological Series 43 


of the Glacial Period, there was a depression in New Jersey 
of 200 feet, and more and more going north. 


“As to volcanic eruptions, the sudden melting of vast 
masses of glacial ice by outflowing streams of lava seems to 
have given a unique character to the destructive agencies of 
the period. 


“The Sierra Nevada Mts. in California were mainly up- 
lifted during the end of the Tertiary and the beginning of 
the Glacial Epoch.” 


Professor Bowman says that “from the rate at which 
glaciers melt away in Alaska, and of the enormous increment 
of water furnished by the melting ice to the streams which 
flow from the ice-covered drainage-basin, there is nothing 
to indicate antiquity of more than 10,000 to 12,000 years.” 


“The Continental glacier disappeared from North Amer- 
ica not over 7000 to 8000 years ago; and its disappearing 
prior to that proceeded at a rate probably several times as 
fast as its growth had been.” ‘This however is given merely 
as an opinion possibly formed from the present rate of melt- 
ing of the glaciers of Alaska. 


In regard to the time of volcanic eruptions, generally 
these have occurred and been completed in less than one 
year. We can see this from the case of Mt. Vesuvius, east 
of Naples, Italy. Since 79 A.D.—a number of eruptions have 
thus occurred: (1) in 203 AD., (2) in 472, during which 
ashes were carried as far as Constantinople (about 600 
miles), (3) in 512, also in 685, 983 and 1066. In this last 
year Pompeii was buried under a thickness of 20 feet of 
loose ashes, and Herculaneum was covered with a torrent 
of mud. In 1621 the villages at the base of Vesuvius were 


44 | Chapter VI 


covered with lava and torrents of boiling water. Again erup- 
tions occurred in 1766-7, and in 1770. In 1779 showers of 
ashes, scorie and stones were thrown to a great height, and 
streams of lava passed down the sides of the cone. In 1794 
another violent outburst destroyed much of the town of Torre 
del Grece, and in an eruption of 1822, the mountain is said 
to have lost 800 feet of height; but most of this last has been 
made up by subsequent eruptions. 

Another remarkable eruption took place in May, 1855, 
and a series of outbursts began in 1865. More recent erup- 
tions occurred in 1872, 1878,-80,-95 and 1906. In the last 
there was a consequent destruction of life and property. 

“Tt seems not unlikely that on certain days of its erup- 
tions in May and August, in the cataclysm of Krakatoa the 
extruded material must have measured not less than 4.3 cubic 
miles; and in 1815 from Temboro on Sumbawa on Sunda 
Island in Malaysia, 100 times that must have been thrown 
out. From Mont Pelée on the island of Martinique, the 
southern island of the West Indies, similar eruptions oc- 
curred in the years 1762, 1851 and 1902. The last was tre- 
mendous, chiefly of ashes; and it was said to have more than 
equalled the quantity of sediment discharged by the Missis- 
sipi River in a full year’s time.” ‘Thus we see that as a 
rule every eruption has taken place within one year. 

As to the auriferous gravels of California (from the 
Sierra Nevada Range), Prof. J. D. Whitney, former geolo- 
gist of California, says that “the thickness of these in places 
is 400 feet in horizontal stratified layers, made up of mod- 
erate-sized boulders of the metamorphic rocks occurring in 
the region, mixed with water-worn fragments of unaltered 
shales and sandstones.” He says “the deposit near San 


The Entire Geological Series 45 


Fernando Pass and north of it seems to resemble Pliocene 
strata, of Tertiary Era. It was deposited before volcanic 
action ceased in this region, for a stream of lava from the 
north has flowed over it in one place.” But this does not 
show either the time of the deposition or the time of the flow 
over it of the lava. As has been shown just above, the lava 
in all probability was exuded by volcanic eruption easily 
within one year, and the gravel deposits probably were 
rushed successively down, to build up the 400 feet more or 
less, in say 400 years. 

Professor Whitney says: “Deposits of gravel are rolled 
and water-worn fragments of rock.” 

It is reported that in California the volcanic eruptions 
were repeated, and aqueous invasion in the meantime piled 
up, between these, gravel, sandstone, etc., 200 to 300 feet or 
more. ‘This took a long period of time, but as we have said, 
hundreds rather than thousands of years may have sufficed 
for this piling up. 

It seems that at the time of the rising of the Sierra 
Nevada and of the Rocky Mountains, and all the northern 
mountains and hills, no doubt several thousands of feet, the 
consequent extreme cold brought on the glaciers. This was 
all over the northern latitudes of the earth, not only in North 
America, as appears on the large Map of the United States 
and Canada, but also in Europe, in Scandinavia, France, 
Germany and the Alps, and in Asia, and perhaps in South 
America along the Andes, etc. This is not difficult to under- 
stand when we consider that the earth revolves from west to 
east every 24 hours. 

Although not exactly alongside of the line of moraines 
shown on the map, yet the occurrence was practically at the 


46 Chapter VI 


same time, since the great elevation or elevating was of the 
same nature, and the ice came down from the Sierra west- 
ward; and when the melting or retreat began and continued, 
powerful floods poured the gravels along, while the weight 
taken off by the melting and thus retreat raised the valleys 
and the river-courses greatly. This consumed probably some 
thousands of years, though not many thousand. 

Successively volcanic eruptions covered the lower gravels, 
as for example in California the great ‘Table Mountain—its 
top. These eruptions did not take much time, as has been 
shown, probably not over one year each at the very most, 
judging by other volcanic eruptions and deposits, such as 
those of Vesuvius, the depositing by rushing floods between 
them possibly not taking over one to three centuries; and so 
the whole occurrence of the glacial advances and meltings, 
the laying down of the gravels by the after-floods, with the 
flints and mortars and remains of human beings, with those 
of animals occasionally found in the gravels, with the basaltic 
volcanic lavas over them, probably was completed within a 
few, or not many, thousand years. 

In regard to the Ice invasion itself and its retreats in 
North America, these may be seen and understood by notic- 
ing the exhibition or portrayal of them on the Map. There 
seems to have first been an invasion from Labrador, Ungava, 
the territory about Hudson Bay, through Quebec, Ontario 
and Canada West, through New Brunswick, Maine, Ver- 
mont and New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New 
Jersey, New York, and in part of Pennsylvania, Ohio, In- 
diana, Illinois, a part of Wisconsin, through Minnesota, 
south through Iowa, a portion of Missouri and Kansas, 


The Entire Geological Series 47 


through South.and North Dakota, still further west through 
Montana, Idaho and Washington, and south even through 
Oregon. 

Then a retreat or melting somewhat through Massachu- 
setts and Connecticut. Then a succession of several retreats, 
beginning in Pennsylvania, and going through Ohio, Indiana, | 
Illinois, and slightly through Wisconsin, and upward through 
Iowa and Minnesota, somewhat through South and North 
Dakota, and perhaps west of these, in advance and retreat. 

All this time these or similar things were going on above 
the southern line of the ice and the moraines, which can 
also be seen and understood by reference to the map, not 
only in North America and the United States, but also in 
Europe, Asia and elsewhere. ‘The ice was first advancing, 
and by its enormous weight deepening the valleys through 
which it passed, and leaving moraines—boulders and drift, 
and after remaining there for some time then retreating some, 
perhaps some hundred miles by warmer weather, thus partly 
melting. Rushing floods from this melting brought down 
drifts and gravels. 

Finally, as the last melting and so retreat northward took 
place, corresponding to warmer temperature or climate 
(gradually from south to north), the great rushing floods 
became more normal, the lakes and rivers flowing about as 
at present, the valleys being also raised again to their present 
level, and the Glacial Age or Period terminated, as we have 
explained, and will more fully a little further on, in all 
probability amounting to about 20,000 years. 

It has been believed that similar things might have taken 
place west of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California, 


48 Chapter VI 


both as to the advance and retreat of ice, and the consequent 
floods thereafter swelling the rivers which bore the gravels. 


Writing about California and Table Mountain, and the 
geologic age of the formations’ richness in gold, and the 
presence in them of human remains, Dr. Joseph Leidy 
presents his results in his Geology, volume I, as follows: 
He says “The whole body of material with which we have 
to do is geologically speaking of very recent age. ‘The 
gravels were then as now the result of fluviatile action: the 
rivers which did the work of rounding and polishing the 
innumerable boulders and pebbles which those older deposits 
contain are doing the same thing now, though with di- 
minished power. ‘The very channels in which those former 
currents ran are in most cases their repositories now, at a 
lower level and on a diminished scale it is true, but still 
essentially the same, since modern and ancient streams do 
not probably differ very much in areas of drainage. 

“The closing volcanic epoch is the basalt, which is found 
overlying the rhyolite and andesitic outflows, and over which 
no extensive deposits of gravel have ever been found. ‘The 
cessation of volcanic energy distinguishes the present epoch 
from a former one. During the formation and deposition 
of a portion of the auriferous detritus, the gravel region was 
the scene of powerful and persistent eruptive action (prob- 
ably, however, successive and not continuous), the seat of 
which extended through the whole of the Sierra. Volcanic 


The Entire Geological Series 49 


vents were undoubtedly high up in the range, in the gravel 
regions at least.” 

And what Dr. Leidy presents as his conclusions with 
regard to the auriferous gravels of California, the rivers 
which bore them and rounded them, and the Sierra Nevada 
Mts. with their volcanic vents, were no doubt more or less 
similar to the cases of the gravels in other portions of the 
world,—in the other states, in Europe, Asia, South America, 
and the continents where gravels, boulders and detritus came 
with and from the ice of the Glacial Epoch, though not 
auriferous as those of California. ; 


Professor Whitney says “That the gravels have been 
formed and deposited by the agency of fresh water may be 
set down as positively determined”; and he thought “this 
was done in great measure before the earliest volcanic phe- 
nomena of the Sierras. This was then rapid and great, 
though its after subsidence was slow and long.” ‘This was 
before the Glacial Period, for he says, “But there was 
certainly a far later period, namely that of the glaciers, dur- 
ing which the quantity of water in the Sierras was greater 
than during the gravel period, so as to enable it to accumu- 
late such immense quantities of gravel.” 

A most remarkable phenomenon about Table Mountain 
in Tuolumne County is this, that it is a flat-topped mass of 
horizontal basaltic lava some 8 feet thick, around which, 
after it must have been so laid, broad surrounding areas have 


50 Chapter VI 


been lowered for hundreds of feet at least, sufficiently so as 
to leave the Table Mt. prominently above the surrounding 
region. Of course it is a question how this was done; but 
the probability is that floods lowered the depressed sur- 
rounding area, but could not do so to the hard basaltic lava. 


As to the total time of the Glacial Epoch, Professor Agas- 
siz found, for the moving of the Alps Glaciers, an average 
of 1 foot a day. Professor Wright found for the Greenland 
Glaciers 20 feet, and H. F. Reid to feet, the average being 
thus 15 feet per day. Professor Forbes found for them an 
average for summer and winter of 2’.6 per day. 

To be on the safe side for the Glaciers moving south, 
southeast and southwest over and across mountains, etc., as 
crossing the Adirondacks, the Green and White Mts., let us 
take the low estimate of 2 feet per day, or 730 feet per year. 
From Labrador south to Trenton, New Jersey, or from east 
and west of Hudson Bay south to the southern part of 
Illinois, say about 1200 miles, though with the rest further 
1200 m:. <<) §250% 

730° 
which gives us about gooo years. Allowing an equal time, 
gooo additional years for melting or retreating with succes- 
sive cessations as are represented on the Map with their 
terminal moraines, we have for the entire time, from begin- 
ning to the end of the Glacial Epoch about 18,000 years, or 
to correct a possible under-estimate, say 20,000 years, the 


West averaging say 1000 miles, we have 


The Entire Geological Series 51 


same as the total arrived at by our former estimate, possibly, 
I think, a fair, and about correct view, of the total time 
required for advance and retreat, considering all the circum- 
stances. 

This total agrees substantially with Professors Agassiz 
and Dana, and Professor Prestwich in his Geology vol. II, 


PP- 533) 534- 


Le Conte finds evidence, in the Sierra Nevada Mts., of 
Quaternary elevation. “The glacial depression may have 
produced not only a deformation—or pressing down—of the 
crust, but also extensive extravasation (or pressing out or 
escaping) of lava, as is suggested by Jamieson and Alexander 
Winchell for the vast Quaternary lava-flows of California, 
Oregon, Washington and a large adjacent region.” 

In conformity with the foregoing, in Geological Maga- 
zine Ii, vol. II, 1878, chaps. XXII and XXIII, James C. 
Southall speaks of “the Epoch of the Mammoth or Mastodon 
and the Apparition of Man upon the Earth; and further 
concerning the Recentness of the latest glaciation, believed 
to have ended in the northern United States, not over 10,000 
to 6000 years ago.” 

Of later date, 1885, Prof. W. O. Crosby, in the Proceed- 
ings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. XXII, 
pp. 455-460, says that “the Himalayas, north of India, were 
formed (i.e. elevated) in great part during the Quaternary, 
contemporary with the glaciation of North America, Europe: 
and portions of the Southern hemisphere.” 


52 Chapter VI 


In regard to the extension and declination of the ice- 
sheets, treating of the relative ages of the principal mountain 
ranges of the world, Prof. Prestwich in his Geology, vol. I, 
chap. XVII, says that “the oscillations of the earth’s crust, 
upward and downward, were the primary cause of the 
growth and decline of the ice-sheets. 

“The former extension of vast glaciers in the Rocky 
Mountains and the Andes, the Pyrenees and Alps, the Atlas 
Range, the Caucasus, the Himalayas and elsewhere, far ex- 
ceeding the glaciers of the present time, may be due to the 
uplift of these mountains much above their present height, 
followed by subsidence with retreat of the ice. The highest 
mountain ranges in the four grand divisions of the world, 
Asia, Europe, and North and South America, were doubtless 
largely uplifted and plicated (ie. folded or made into 
ridges), with the formation of deep adjoining lakes, during 
the early part of the Quaternary Period.” 

If these were facts, it would seem that the early rising 
of some of these mountains, as the Rocky Mts. of Colorado, 
Wyoming, etc., and the Sierra Nevada of California, oc- 
curred in the Upper Cretaceous Era or Period, as repre- 
sented on the Geological Chart, just before the Tertiary; and 
that their greatest and mighty uplift, with the Alps, etc., 
causing the glaciers, was in the Pliocene of the Tertiary as 
also stated on the Chart, and, as said by Professor Prest- 
wich, the beginning of the Quaternary. 

Prof. G. F. Wright in “The Ice Age in North America” 
(p. 691), speaking of California, says, “All the facts con- 
sidered, it is most probable that both the filling of the old 
river-beds, and their protection by lava, took place compara- 
tively rapidly, and were together the closing scene of the 


The Entire Geological Series 53 


Tertiary drama. The deep gravels, therefore, may be placed 
indifferently in the latest Pliocene or earliest Quaternary. 
The newer gravels are undoubtedly Quaternary and recent. 
Certain it is that the deep placer gravels are similar, in all 
respects, to the Quaternary gravels all over the world, except 
that by percolating alkaline waters containing silica, they 
have been cemented in some cases into grits and conglom- 
erates. This is because they are covered with lava, which 
yields both the alkali and the soluble silica. ‘The whole 
work of cutting the hard slate-rock two thousand feet or 
more has been done since the lava flow, and therefore cer- 
tainly since the beginning of the Quaternary, and not before. 

“There does not seem to be any hard and fast line of 
demarcation between the Tertiary formation (i.e. the Plio- 
Cenesperod oft) and the Ouaternary or:recent,”’ 

Le Conte warns us, in his Elements of Geology (1888), 
to note the prodigious rapidity with which erosion now pro- 
ceeds in connection with hydraulic mining. 

“In the N. Bloomfield mine (California), the pebble- 
loaded torrent resulting from the incessant play of the hy- 
draulic jet against the cliff, though working but 8 months per 
year, has cut, in 4 years, a channel 3 feet wide and so feet 
deep in solid slate.’ (See American Journal of Science, 
March, 1880, vol. CXIX, p. 179.) 

For 2000 feet deep — 50’ X 4o, this would be 40x 4 
years = 160 years,—less than 200 years. 

‘The date of the close of the Glacial Period is regarded 
as much more modern than it was a few years ago. Ten 
thousand years is now regarded as a liberal allowance for 
the age of the Niagara gorge.” 

“The gravel at Little Falls, Minn., is considerably more 


54 Chapter VI 


recent than that in the more southern localities, since that 
gravel, the highest in Minnesota, could have been deposited 
only when the ice-front had retreated some hundred (say 
about 500) miles from its furthest (most southern) extension 
in Missouri (see Map), while the first-named deposits, those 
in New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, occur near the 
very margin, that is, the southern limit of the Ice-sheet and 
of the moraines.” ‘That, however, may have been due to 
the higher latitude and colder climate of Minnesota. 

As has been shown, some observers of the Ice-sheet 
throughout the several states, and the successive terminal 
moraines, have supposed that the ice came down first from 
North to South, and returned by warmer weather melting 
in one long retreat; and then that it again advanced in 
another long series and retreat, and these from three to five 
times in different directions and states, going down southerly 
and coming back northerly each time, retreating by melting, 
thus prolonging the Glacial Epoch or Age to the enormous 
time of hundreds of thousands of years; and since the ter- 
minal moraines lie somewhat different in the different states, 
as in New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, 
Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa and Missouri, as was said, three 
to five various complete advances and retreats were supposed 
by such observers to have been necessary. 

But when we notice that there is one long east and west 
practically continuous southern limit of the Ice-Sheet, as 
shown on the Map, and the somewhat continuous, though 
more or less varied, successive terminal moraines, and when 
we consider that the various states have different physical 
features, mountains, highlands or lowlands, thus different 
topography, and also climates, there is sufficient unity as to 


The Entire Geological Series 55 


time to connect the whole in one united advance, and a suf- 
ficient variety in the continuity of Ohio and Indiana, I[llinois 
and Wisconsin, and in Minnesota and Iowa, etc., to make, 
as we have said, a probable comparatively short time for 
the retreat as well as the advance, rather than a long one, 
this time being made up of a succession of retreats from 
the southern limit of the somewhat continuous ice-sheet, and 
then halts, with again corresponding short advances, till the 
end or final retreat and melting by a time of long warmth. 

Measuring from the east, from Labrador and Canada 
or Ungava, southward, or southeast and southwest, the inva- 
sion of ice to New Brunswick, Maine, New Jersey, and as 
far west as to Illinois, about 1100 miles; and the southward 
invasion from the territory about Hudson Bay through Wis- 
consin and [Illinois about 1400 miles; southward through 
Minnesota, Lowa and Missouri, about 1200 miles; and south- 
westward through North and South Dakota, Montana, etc., 
about 800 miles; considering the differences in altitudes and 
climates, it is probable that all the ice invasions distributed 
their moraines of boulders and gravel at and in about the 
same time, say 1000 miles as the average distance, in about 
10,000 years. 

The gradual recession or melting of the ice was on 
account of warmer temperatures alternating with cold, and 
partly also no doubt by spring and summer time and even 
autumn, more or less moderating the extreme cold of winter, 
melting in succession more or less than two to ten times, with 
consequent floods depositing drift of more or less height, 
and moraines of greater or less sized boulders and gravel 
formed at times of halt or re-advance. 

Allowing say 5000 years for these various more southern 


56 Chapter VI 


recessions by meltings, followed by consequent floods, and 
sooo additional for the melting of the last or northern part 
or half, of 500 miles during the final change or greater 
warmth of temperature or climate preparatory to the Cham- 
plain Period: we have 10,000 + 5000 + 5000 = say 20,000 
years, which in all probability would be sufficient to have 
completed the first total advance of the ice-sheet, and succes- 
sive retreating by melting, and somewhat re-advancing, until 
finally the whole—all the advanced ice—was melted, and the 
resulting floods were carrying down and filling up the drifts. 

And with equal probability, the same time of 20,000 
years would be sufficient for Europe, and in general for the 
whole earth and its continents—the Glacial Period, or the 
“Tce Age” throughout the world. 

To present the foregoing to the view and reception of 
the mind, the Map on the following pages (58 and 59) 
will show all with sufficient clearness for the United States, 
the black lines below showing the general southern limit of 
the ice-sheet from east to west, the dotted lines in a general 
way showing the various lines of the observed and known 
moraines or lines of. boulders and gravels, or earth and rocks 
collected in ridges or heaps by the glaciers as they succes- 
sively moved forward, after having receded by melting by 
warmth, and again moved somewhat forward to these places 
after re-freezing by cold, further and further north. 

And the source and directions of the ice can be also seen 
and understood by the depicting and pointing of the arrows, 
and so also the resulting direction of the Glacial scratchings 
upon the rocks which the ice passed over with its rough 
matter underneath, and its enormous weight and consequent 
pressure downward. 


The Entire Geological Series 57 


In regard to the great depth of the strata during the 
Glacial Period, in many cases several hundred feet below 
their present elevation, as already mentioned, it was believed 
to be due to the great elevation of the mountains and land 
in the Pliocene of the Tertiary Era, causing their extreme 
height of some thousand feet above their present altitude, 
and thus the extreme cold; and when the consequent ice 
invaded the territory to the south, it was so immensely heavy 
or weighty, that it pressed the underlying strata down; and 
when the ice receded by melting, and thus the great weight 
leaving, the strata again rose from below, and were returned 
to their present levels. 

As regards the volcanic eruptions, such as have visited 
California, we have already explained that they take place 
very quickly, as is evident from those of Italy in Vesuvius, 
Mexico, and in the Andes of South America. 





\ 
ee 





a YP? j\ 
\ ) 
River Loe 





Ls 


483 





4 es Mae of Untrep STares 
AND SourHeRN CANADA. 

Sauthern Dont of IceShet - ‘ 
NomuESinccoesive Texminal Morarneay9 4 
General Courses of Glaccal Advascedo 


wan NEE 





andl, Specncn st ees along The rocks: 


OCALE 
{Inch « ableut 240 Mites, 


Bp 


VII 
THE UNREASONABLE HYPOTHESES OF THE EVOLUTIONISTS 


LET us return now to the consideration of the destruction 
of the fish and marine animals by the cold waters from the 
north, and from the elevation of the mountains; and of the 
land animals by earthquake-waves thence resulting, and the 
ocean sweeping over them, described above as occurring at 
the end of Paleozoic and Mesozoic Times or Ages. 

Such wholesale and repeated destructions and extermina- 
tions have little need for the perishing of the “unfit,” since 
both fit and unfit were all destroyed, drowned or swept off 
the globe, together. But new species, as of Mammals, and 
the best or osseous classes of fishes, must have been newly 
created. 

As one writer has well said: Darwin’s famous book 
“The Origin of Species” says nothing of the origin of species, 
but only of the transmutation of species already in existence. 
It therefore virtually acknowledges that the first species must 
have been created; and since no species has made any marked 
progress to such form as another species exhibits, so far as 
we can see (except possibly in a very few closely related 
cases), and yet thousands of the most varied species have 
existed and do exist, it is altogether incredible to suppose 
that one developed into another; and when we see that the 
Creator produces every individual of all species—old and 
new—in a wonderful manner at every birth, it is altogether 
the most natural and easiest hypothesis to suppose that He 
produced those new forms successively in the past, as He is 


every day producing them now; and that He could do it, 
60 


Unreasonable Hypotheses of Evolutionists 61 


inasmuch as He is doing it repeatedly and in myriads of 
cases every day and every hour; and probably not only on 
this earth, but also on innumerable other earths or planets; 
and it does not therefore take Him millions of years to 
produce a species by so slow a process, as is acknowledged 
would be required without His direct creation, even if it 
were possible at all. ) 

It is not denied that small or minor differences might 
have been made in a species of animal already created in 
a certain general and particular form to suit certain circum- 
stances, as heavy or thick coats of hair on animals in cold 
or Arctic regions; but such garment was not a development 
but a kind provision of the Creator to protect the animal 
from the cold; and so in other cases. But that deep, solid, 
horny hoofs, like those of the horse, were developed or 
evolved from the three toes of the tapir, as has been asserted 
by evolutionists, is beyond belief of reason. 

Moreover, the formation of the hoof from the three 
toes on the hind-feet, and four on the fore-feet, of the tapir, 
a useless animal, would have been a retrograde from com- 
plex to simple in the noble and useful horse—an anomaly. 
These toes of the tapir are comparatively soft. It would be 
practically impossible to bridge the gulf between these toed 
feet and the solid horn hoofs of the horse. The snout or 
upper jaw of the tapir is three or four inches longer than 
the lower. It is soft and prehensile like the elephant’s 
trunk, and very narrow,—not at all like the horse with two 
large and equal jaws. 

The successive species from the small ‘Eohippus,’—the 
“Orohippus,” “Mesohippus,” ‘“Protohippus” and “Equus” 
or the Horse, which have been by many supposed to have 


62 Chapter VII 


gradually developed by evolution or “natural selection,” are 


much more easily and rationally explained as the successive 
or progressively superior creations of the all-wise and om- 
nipotent Creator. 

The fact of the fish in the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky 
being blind, or without eyes, merely proves that there is no 
use for eyes in that dark cave; or if fish in past time went 
in there with eyes, and remained without using them, the 
eyes closed up; and their progeny probably would naturally 
be formed without them, there being no tendency or effort 
in the parents corresponding to the eyes or their use, and 
the creative principle of God would not form them without 
any use. And if one of these fish should be taken out of the 
cave to the light, and should produce young with eyes, they 
would not be developed from any innate power of the fish 
themselves, but it would be by the Divine Providence and 
power of God the Creator, to suit the light and for use; for 
nothing and no one else has the least power to create. 

The sudden appearance or occurrence of monstrous rep- 
tiles or “Dinosaurs” (terrible lizards), as for examples, the 
“Tchthyo-saurus” (fish-lizard), “‘Plesio-saurus” (long-necked 
lizard), “Stego-saurus”’ (armored dinosaur) about 20 to 25 
feet long, with enormous and powerful hind-legs, and with 
a succession of vertical circular plates or blades around its 
back, the “Cerato-saurus,” a flesh-eating reptile, about 17 
feet long, also with powerful hind legs to walk, and short 
fore-legs with ends like hands, and the “Atlanto-saurus 
immanis,” 70 to 80 feet long, with upper legs or thigh bones 
(“femurs”) over 6 feet long, and others, in the geological 
beds of the Mesozoic or “Reptilian” Age, especially in those 
of the Jurassic Era (see Geological Chart), but continuing 


Unreasonable Hypotheses of Evolutionists 63 


to some extent as high as the Upper Cretaceous, as in case 
of the “Horned Dinosaur,’ about 20 feet long and 8 feet 
high, with a skull about 6 feet long and a long tail, and the 
“Duck-billed Reptile,’ over 26 feet long, such monsters 
closing the “Age of Reptiles,’ when only comparatively 
small marine animals and reptiles had existed before in the 
Silurian, Devonian and Carbonic Eras of Paleozoic ime, 
for example the “Giant Spined Reptile” of the Permian, 
only 6 or 7 feet long, and of an entirely different form from 
those of the Mesozoic Time, and much smaller reptiles even 
in the Triassic Era, immediately preceding the Jurassic, 
shows, as well as anything can, the hand of God the Creator; 
for there could have been no other source of such strange 
and gigantic animals, except by a wholly new creation. 

Moreover, they came in then and went out, and none of 
them passed the Cretaceous Era, into the Eocene Period of 
the Tertiary Era. ‘There are no Jurassic or Cretaceous 
species of Vertebrates, found in the American Tertiary beds, 
—none of those tribes of gigantic Reptiles. The nearest 
approach to them which we now have are the alligator and 
crocodile, which are much smaller. And furthermore, no 
marine fossils of the Cretaceous beds, or remains of Cre- 
taceous vertebrates, are positively known to have been con- 
tinued into the Tertiary formation. 

It is true that any radical difference in species must have 
needed the same creative wisdom and hand or power; but 
in this case it is more evident than where smaller differences 
existed; and the evolutionists evidently have no leg to stand 
on, and no plausible source to appeal to. And moreover, 
great whales appeared in the seas for the first time in the 
Eocene Period, without any known or different progenitors. 


64. Chapter VII 


And there is a Sea-living Mammal called “Basilo-saurus 
cetoides” found in the Eocene sea-deposits of North Africa 
and South United States, along the Gulf of Mexico border; 
but it has no legs like the Dinosaurus or Reptiles of the 
Mesozoic or Reptilian Age; “its ancestry is not known, and 
it has left no descendants.” 

In regard to the Tertiary Era, it is a remarkable fact 
that in the early Eocene Period of it, the mammals and 
Quadrumana (mammals with four hands like monkeys and 
lemurs) had 44 teeth, and that they were followed by others 
in the later Eocene or Miocene Period, with only 32, like 
Man. ‘This must have been a design of the Creator, and not 
the result of mere drifting chance, or by any blind evolution 
of the ignorant animals. 

The marvellous order, and beauty displayed, especially 
noticeable in the invertebrate animals which lived in the 
Jurassic Era, as well as other preceding Eras, such as the 
Polyp Corals, the Echinoderms, Brachiopods, Lamellibranchs 
and Cephalopods, which may be seen depicted in books on 
the subject, such as Dana’s Geology, increase the proof that 
an all-wise and wonderful Creator must have made or 
formed and vivified all the species, and only He. Senseless 
or ignorant animals would be utterly powerless to produce 
or evolve such marvels of order and beauty. 

If God thus bestows such wonderful beauty and complex 
order upon these inferior beings—the lowest in creation, not 
to speak of the marvellously acute senses with their organs 
which He gives them, how much more and superior elements 
does He confer on the higher forms and man, and how 
impossible would it be for these ignorant beings, which know 
not one iota of how to create a single thing, or even man 


Unreasonable Hypotheses of Evolutionists 65 


himself, who has no more than the merest superficial knowl- 
edge of himself, or any of his organs, to so produce them! 
This is in accordance with what the Lord Himself said in 
Luke XII. 25-28 in regard to man and also plants: 

“Which of you, thinking earnestly, is able to add a cubit 
upon his own staturee If ye then be not able to do that 
which is least, why are ye anxious for the rest? 

“Consider the lilies how they grow: they toil not, neither 
do they spin; and yet I say unto you, that even Solomon in 
all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. 

“Tf God so clothe the grass of the field, which to-day is, 
and to-morrow is cast into the oven, how much more shall 
He clothe you, O ye of little faith.” 

Man, by selective breeding, has obtained variations, and 
what he thinks are improvements, with animals, and also 
with plants: but it is man who does this. Animals and plants 
alone do not so vary or improve by selection and union of 
mates or different special species. 

“A tendency upward” which is observed by naturalists, 
and has been supposed to support the evolutionary hypothe- 
sis of gradual improvement in plants and animals throughout 
the ages, is explained by Genesis I, in the creation by God, 
successively, of inferior to superior creatures, and finally to 
man as the supreme created being, but not by blind nature 
or animals without the understanding and will of man, or 
even by these God-given faculties of man himself, without 
God, and not by evolution or metamorphic development of 
an inferior kind of plant or animal into a superior, or to 
man. 

Professor Dana latterly and others, on account of the 
introduction, in the higher species, of a “cephalic nervous 


66 Chapter VII 


mass or brain,” have supposed that there is ‘“‘a tendency 
upward”: but this is not derivable from the brain of animals, 
because there are two brains—-(1) the cerebrum, and (2) 
the cerebellum; and in all except man, the cerebrum—the 
front brain—is subject to the cerebellum—the back brain. 
That is, the understanding or thought (residing in the cere- 
brum) is subject to the natural will or animal nature, or 
feeling (residing in the cerebellum or back brain). Hence 
no advance is possible to them: they have to be as it were 
carried or conveyed upward by the Creator, if they advance. 
Or rather, as.a rule; He must’ create new sspeciess 11) dais 
design is to make improvements. 

Only in man is advance possible, and not even in him 
without God; but by man and God co-operating or working 
together, as we read in Mark XVI. 20: “They went forth” 
—the apostles, “and preached everywhere, the Lord working 
with them, and confirming the word with the following 
signs”; and in Genesis IV. 1, ‘‘Eve conceived, and bare Cain, 
and said, I have gotten a man with (the help of) Jehovah.” 

The errors of mere scientists in regard to creation and 
the production of species, arise from their not reading the 
‘Word to see what God can and must do, in order that crea- 
tion of species may be brought about, and what man cannot 
of himself do, and what mere animals are limited to (see 
Psalm XLIX. 20: ‘Man that is in honor and understandeth 
not, is like the beasts that perish”), and the origin of man’s 
sole dominion over them, he alone having and being a living 
soul of thought and rationality (see Gen. II. 7), noticing 
also and acknowledging that God alone has power as a 
source, according to Psalm LXII. 11—‘Power belongeth 
unto God”; and then humbly and faithfully trying to see 


Unreasonable Hypotheses of Evolutionists 67 


how to make their science agree with the Word or Wisdom 
of God mercifully revealed by Him for man’s enlightenment 
and use—as that man’s cerebrum or truly human brain is 
much larger than, above and in front of, his cerebellum or 
back or animal brain, and is intended to govern it—the 
natural and animal by the spiritual or truly human (see 
Gen. I. 26, 28; and Matth. XXII. 4; Acts X. 13, where we 
see that man kills and eats animals by the permission of God; 
grpalsoGens LAL 3 and Levit) XI. (2). 

Dana says (p. 1034 of his Geology, edition 1895) that 
“the plants that migrated in the Tertiary from the Arctic 
regions southward over Japan and North America, and be- 
came new species on the way, simply changed. ‘That is the 
sum of knowledge on the subject.” (The italics are mine.) 

In regard to the “migration” of plants, Humboldt, in 
his Cosmos, Vol. I, page 349 (edition 1863, Harper & 
Bros.) explains that “plants migrate in the germ,” that is, 
as seeds; “and in the case of many species, the seeds are 
furnished with organs adapting them to be conveyed to a 
distance through the air. 

‘‘When once they have taken root, they become dependent 
on the soil and on the strata of air surrounding them.” 

And considering “the vast area swept by the glacial sea,” 
he finds means to account for “the presence of identical 
species at such distant points as the higher parts of Alpine 
ranges in Europe and Asia, with plants indigenous in the 
cold regions very far north, and not found in the intermediate 
lowlands.” 

But he does not say, or wish to show from this, that the 
species changed, only that species were identical at so great 
distances apart, and with no intermediate connection, de- 


68 Chapter VII 


pendent for their existence, as he said, on the similar soil 
and climatic conditions. ‘These facts would also seem to 
equally allow of their being separately created at such similar 
locations and conditions. 

But to assume that “new species” were produced from 
the same seed by mere migration of that seed, as Prof. Dana 
states to be “the sum of knowledge on the subject” is entirely 
another thing; and in the light of what has been already 
explained, the “new species” would seem to be really the 
products of distinct and separate creation, from different 
seed. 

But Professor Dana further says: ‘Man affords an ex- 
ample, that is, of the ability of plants and animals to 
improve.’ He exemplifies the power, as it were, of the 
feet of creation (or of plants and animals) to survive and 
improve, by the power of the head (or of man); which 
seems an inverted and improper example or premise. 

As exemplifying and showing the unsound, not to say 
absurd, thought and deduction of the evolutionists, the whales 
are supposed by them to have been a degenerate flesh-eating | 
species, originally a small land animal, which for escape 
from its pursuers, as told us by Dana, “took to the water, 
where support from limbs (legs) is not needed. In this 
supporting element, the body became enormously enlarged, 
and multiplicate in its vertebral column like the sea-saurians, 
the length being increased from 4 or 5 feet to about 70 feet, 
and the size of the dorsal vertebrae to a diameter of a foot, 
and to a length of a foot and a half. It may also be pre- 
sumed (“presumed” is a most fitting word) that the whale- 
bone plates, over 350 in number, either side of the middle 
line, grew downward from the palate, just as soon as they 


Unreasonable Hypotheses of Evolutionists 69 


were needed”; but Prof. Dana, with the glimmering light of 
reason struggling through the clouds of his mind, adds: 
“the question, what made them grow, remains, as in many 
like cases, unanswered.” 

The fact is, it seems to be all the unreasonable ratiocina- 
tion of irreligious men—mere materialists,; who seem to be 
in the effort to rule God the Creator out of His Universe. 
How many billions of years would be required to grow from 
a small animal, naturally only 4 or 5 feet long, to an 
enormous one of 70 feet, or from a land to a sea animale 
And why should such a marvellous and prodigious growth 
or elongation take placer Is the hypothesis not on its face 
nonsenser And if a land animal did retreat from a pursuing 
enemy into the sea, would it not more probably shrink, if 
it did not drown, instead of growing or increasing in length 
and bulk so enormously? Is it not more probable that the 
great whales or sea-monsters were originally created by the 
Creator in their present form in the seas, as the Geological 
strata show, first in the Eocene Period of the Tertiary Era 
(see the Geological Chart or Schedule), and as we are taught 
in Genesis I. 21? 

Dana, strange to say, could stomach some of Darwin’s 
ideas about variation of lower nature—plants and animals, 
though no doubt inwardly protesting at some of his broader 
hypotheses: but finally he dissents. Darwin’s suppositions 
are too glaringly absurd for him to go any further with him; 
and when the proposition is set before him, for his ac- 
ceptance, of the Giraffe getting his long neck from high 
reaching after food, and its forelegs being much longer than 
the hind ones by its own efforts, he has come to the parting 
of the ways; and he finally says, ‘“The question comes up— 


70 Chapter VII 


How should the Giraffe have had to run to make its forelegs 
grow faster than the hind legs, and what kind of antics 
would have started the change in the neck? It has to be 
supposed that the requisite augmentations were somehow 
begun, and that under interbreeding, accelerated growth 
went forward. But the orgin of the variation is without 
explanation. And so it is for the most part throughout the 
kingdoms of life.” 


VIII 
THE ORIGIN OF MAN 


IN regard to the origin of man, and whether he has 
progressed, or has proceeded by evolution, from the ape, or 
any species of the monkey tribe, such change must have 
taken place, if at all, in Cenozoic or Recent Time. Man’s 
first appearance in numbers, as shown by skeletons found in 
the strata, was in the Champlain Period of the Quaternary 
Era (see Chart or Schedule of the Geological Ages, Eras, 
etc.), where men’s skeletons have been found, together with 
stone implements of their manufacture. This Champlain 
Period, as said above, has been estimated by the rate of 
subsidence of the strata at Niagara, and at the Falls of St. 
Anthony, to have been about 7000 to gooo years long. It 
was the period of subsidence, and therefore, warmer, coming 
directly after the Glacial Period, with its great elevation, 
and ice 2500 to 6500 feet thick, now calculated to be about 
20,000 years long, probably too cold in that northern and 
elevated region for the existence of much life. But a skull 
of a man is said to have been found in the auriferous gravel 
in Calaveras County, California, as well as other human 
bones in other counties, with bones of the mastodon, elephant 
and horse, and stone mortars and implements, at depths of 
about 10 to 100 feet below the surface. Accounts are given 
of these in “The Auriferous Gravels of the Sierra Nevada,” 
1880, by Prof. J. D. Whitney. They are attributed by Mr. 
Lesquereux, the plant geologist, to the Pliocene Period of 
the Tertiary Era. 

71 


72 Chapter VIII 


The skull, which is now in Harvard University, was 
found in excavating or sinking a shaft in Bald Hill, about — 
half a mile northeast of Altaville (about 114 miles northwest 
of Angel’s); and the layers of material passed through are 
as given below: 


Feet 

1. Black layar nes eur ek see eee cane err a2 40 

aos Gravel pest Pee Ps a heck ee ee 3 

3. Light Lava ites tk ens eG eee se cee es 30 

Ae Crave ih Ne eid, pleat ad: hee pale Caan ra ae 5 

S. Light lava seo oe aie ee ee ee ee a, ee 15 

6, oP avel ei Bas ok ckeecsth giace ete Rea he aera ge ee ox 

a Dark brown lava wie ci i ee ete een 9 

*Si/ Gravel. eer Rae Re a en iP ree eee ae 5 
Q) Red dava’ 88 21. aoa Vale wae Cen CGR, ened ae een 4 

10. Red soravel en, icy ses eceh Raveena on ne ae ete Ly, 


*TIt was in this bed of gravel, No. 8, that the skull was found. Note that the total 
depth of gravels underneath the layers of lava—Nos. 2, 4, 6, 8—amounted only to 38 
feet. 


The overflows of lavas put a stop to or interrupted the 
depositions of the gravels, and may have taken place in a 
short time, even each in less than one year. As has been 
shown in Chapter VI, and recollecting that this supposed 
occurrence was the deepest of any of the findings of human 
remains or stone implements in any of the counties of Cali- 
fornia, we have a probability of not to greatly exceed 20,000 
years ago, that is, as calculated in chap. VI, not, or not over, 
10,000 years before the end of the Glacial Period. Mortars, 
pestles and stone dishes have been found with other stone 
implements and tools in several counties in pay gravel. 

And now as regards the “Calaveras skull” itself. Ac- 
curate measurements are given of it as follows: 


The Origin- of Man 73 


Millimetres Inches 


Peauel OL oraniumipeOr sKULL) <a wet eee gece: 15Otet 5) 
pisreadth o1-trontal ortorchead i werd cts a. ates ee TOV 03.00 
FrontalvArchieech . Ae Guin) RAPHE ac RAR AOA OS De 300 11.82 
UeSaveiay {eve SpaTelaVTUh) OA AeROE ool eee, aS EL kN RR 12 Cher iO 
UU OME MRE TANYA) cegteete so av ener ai tals lols iting on x « P4t—— 25:20 
Zygomatic (cheek-bone) Diameter ................ 145) == 5:71 


* Breadth of frontal at its narrowest part, when the skull is viewed from above. 
+ Measured from anterior edge of the foramen magnum to level of the top of 
frontal, and an inch behind it on the inside. 

We may remark that these are large measures; and, as 
Professor Whitney says, “the skull presents no signs of hav- 
ing belonged to an inferior race, which is especially obvious 
in the great prominence of the forehead and the capacity 
of its chamber. The volume of the frontal region is large.” 

It has been supposed by some, from the fact that these 
early people of the human race evidently constructed stone 
implements, and that some of them resorted to caves as 
shelter, that they were very low down in the scale of human 
intelligence and grade, and Prof. Whitney seemed to be of 
this opinion. 

But this does not follow from these facts, although it 
may be true, as he says, that “the steps of progress in Cen- 
tral Europe indicated by successive use, first of more artistic 
stone implements, then of bronze, and afterwards of iron 
(see Genesis IV. 20-22), have no parallel on this continent.” 
Such a succession of progressive use, in the case of California 
at least, may have been cut off by these volcanic eruptions 
of lava indicated in the section of the shaft given above from 
whence the skull was taken. But such supposed inferiority is 
not indicated, as Professor Whitney himself admits in the 
case of the skull, which he depicts in Plate L of his work 
on “The Auriferous Gravels” between pages 268 and 269. 


74 Chapter VIII 


Consider also that there may have been then and there 
no mines, or metals except placer gold, no houses such as 
we have them, no tools or implements except what they 
themselves made, perhaps no beds or blankets, no gas or 
electricity applied, nothing much except the sun, rain, water, 
perhaps some grains, vegetables and fruit-trees with their 
fruits, and the earth and rocks. ‘Take the most intelligent 
people, and place them in such circumstances, and they would 
have to begin at the bottom, just as the people of those early 
days did. And it would seem that under such circumstances 
it would require a considerable amount of skill and ingenuity 
to make the mortars and pestles and tools and implements 
out of the solid stone or rock. And as protection against 
inclement weather, at least for a time, caves might be gladly 
sought. If trees or their branches were broken down, and 
houses or huts constructed with them, they would probably 
have all disappeared, no trace of them remaining. 

But Professor Whitney finally says (p. 288) “Man then 
was the same as we now find him in that region, and the 
same as he was in the intermediate period after the cessation 
of volcanic activity, and while the erosion of the present 
river canyons was going on. Man thus far 1s nothing but 
man, whether found in Pliocence, Post Pliocence or Recent 
formations.” ‘The italics are mine. 

The mastodon and elephant whose bones were found in 
the gravels, as appears in the geologic chart, belong to the 
Champlain Period; but in some places, Mr. Lesquereux of 
plant geology believed, the fossil plants found belonged to 
the Pliocence Period. 

At three places in France,—in caves of Mentone near 
Nice, of Cro-Magnon in Perigord (or Perigueux), and at 


The Origin of Man 75 


Grenelle (or Grenoble), skeletons of men have been found, 
6 feet high, 5 feet 11, and 5 feet 10 inches respectively, with 
large heads and upright foreheads. ‘They were referred to 
the “Reindeer” or Champlain Period, while in the caves of 
Belgium, shorter skeletons were found like the Finns and 
Laplanders. But they were referred to the same Reindeer 
or Champlain Period. 

The Monkey tribe first appeared in the Miocene Period 
of the Tertiary Era; and men in numbers, as abovesaid, in 
the Champlain Period of the Quaternary Era; and the skele- 
tons which have been found in the Champlain Strata have 
been, in some cases, as said just above, those of tall men, 
5 feet 10 inches to 6 feet high, with long and large heads 
and high and well-formed foreheads—quite vertical, not 
receding; and so with the Calaveras skull which Lesquereux 
is thought to have referred to the Pliocene Period; quite fair 
proofs that they were so created—of superior type—at their 
earliest advent, and were not then passing from the type of 
the ape, to be afterwards evolved into the type of man; and 
this agrees with the account of the original creation of man 
by God in His own image, as recorded in Genesis I. 27, 31 
and Matth. XIX. 4, which, with His other creations, was 
pronounced “very good’’; and it agrees also with the account 
and tradition of the ancients, who recognized the first age of 
man as the “Golden Age,” that is, that the people of that 
age were eminently superior; and it quite disagrees with the 
superficial theory and hypotheses of the evolutionists. 

It is true, it might be that these skeletons and skulls, with 
the stone implements which they made, were of a race after 
that of the first people—those of the “Golden Age”—still 
superior to these of the remains found; and that these of 


76 Chapter VIII 


the “Stone Age” were descendants much fallen from the 
lovely state of man as first created by the hand of God. But 
those which have been found are of a sufficiently excellent 
type to preclude the probability or possibility of the earliest 
men being allied in form or brain to the ape or monkey tribe. 

Supposing that the first race of men were the most per- 
fect and of the “Golden Age,” superior to those of any 
skeleton found, and that they lived in the land of Canaan 
or Palestine and the country to the east of it—in Syria, 
Mesopotamia, Assyria and vicinity (see Gen. II. 10-14; 
VIII. 4; XXV. 18), their bodies and all traces of them may 
have been obliterated by floods such as Noah’s flood, which 
may have occurred in those places where they lived, without 
being universal; their flesh might have been devoured by 
fishes; and although it may be almost incredible, atmospheric 
influences may have been a partial cause of their disap- 
pearance; for when I went down into the vault at Green- 
wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, in which the bodies of my own 
father and one of my aunts were interred in wooden coffins, 
I found, to my astonishment, that the lids or tops of the 
coffins had sunk down close to the bottoms of the coffins, so 
that not a trace of the bodies—not even of the bones—could 
have remained. They must have gradually crumbled and 
evaporated. ‘To me it was “a new thing on the earth,” which 
I might not have been able to believe, if I had not seen it 
with my own eyes. Only forty to fifty years had sufficed to 
effect their disappearance, and the bodies could not have 
been stolen or removed, there being no object; and the vault 
was carefully kept closed; besides which, no one is allowed 
to enter the vaults without permission of the authorities in 
charge of the Cemetery; the only perceptible contributing 


The Origin of Man 77 


cause being the fact, at least in the case of my father’s body, 
that the coffin of another——a distant cousin of mine—had 
been placed directly above that of my father, having died a 
few days afterward, and that the pressure of its weight had 
so contributed to the disappearance of the body of the latter. 
The above, though an actual occurrence, may be disbe- 
lieved, and is only related to illustrate possible atmospheric 
influence. 

Hence it may be said that man has not lived long enough 
upon the earth—only some thousands of years, as is shown 
by the human skeletons which have been found only in the 
recent geological strata; and probably neither has the ape or 
baboon or gorilla—to allow the millions of years supposed 
to be required, by the evolutionists, to account for the 
enormous advance from the bodily state and form of an ape 
to that of a man. 

Such transition and progress are scarcely conceivable in 
the comparatively short time of man’s sojourn or existence 
on the earth; and even if we should regard his first advent 
as being in the Pliocene Period, immediately after the Mio- 
cene when the Monkey tribe first appeared in numbers, there 
would not have been time in which the change or “evolution” 
could have taken place; and besides there are no such inter- 
mediate forms found in the strata, as would be required to 
substantiate the development or evolution theory even in this 
case. The possible finding of the skeleton of a deformed 
man occasionally would not prove it, because such people 
are occasionally born to-day with mal-formations or deformi- 
ties, due in some cases to some horrid or revolting analogous 
sight appearing before the mother’s eyes during gestation, 
under the same law of nature by which the patriarch Jacob 


78 Chapter VIII 


selfishly profited (see Genesis XXX. 37-42); and besides, 
the ape and gorilla still remain probably just as they were 
originally, with no perceptible change, or endeavor to 
change. 

“The Gorilla,” Mr. Prothero—the English author—says, 
“builds a home in the tree-tops, but has not the wit to add 
a roof; and from time immemorial, the animals have lived 
in communities something like men, but during countless 
ages they have learnt nothing: they remain as brutish as 
ever were their ancestors. 

“The Chimpanzees—show-animals—have little claim to 
real intelligence. ‘They only go through what at best are 
their tricks while under the watchful eye of a trainer. The 
cleverest Ape would no more dream of using a knife and 
fork of its own initiative when feeding, than a caged lion 
would of its own free-will amuse an audience by leaping 
through blazing hoops.” 

Professor James Dwight Dana, the eminent geologist and 
author above referred to, says, writing on the same subject, 
in an early edition of his great work on Geology: 

“The interval between the Monkey and Man is one of 
the greatest. The capacity of the brain in the lowest of man 
is 68 cubic inches, while that in the highest man-ape is but 
34. Man is erect in posture, and has this erectness marked 
in the form and position of all his bones, while the man-ape 
has his inclined posture forced on him by every bone of his 
skeleton. ‘The highest of man-apes cannot walk except for 
a few steps, without holding on (to some tree or other object) 
by his forelimbs; and instead of having a double curvature 
in his back like Man, which well-balanced erectness requires, 
he has but one. The connecting links between Man and any 


The Origin of Man 79 


man-ape of past geological time have not been found, al- 
though earnestly looked for. No specimen of the Stone Age 
that has yet been discovered, is inferior to the lowest of 
existing men; and none is intermediate in essential characters 
between Man and the man-ape. 

“Tf the links ever existed, their annihilation without a 
relic is so extremely improbable, that it may be pronounced 
impossible. Until some are found, Science cannot assert that 
they ever existed. 

“The present teaching of geology very strongly confirms 
the belief that Man is not of Nature’s making. Independently 
of such evidence, Man’s high reason, his unsatisfied aspira- 
tions, his free-will, all afford the fullest assurance that he 
owes his existence to the special act of the Infinite Being 
whose image he bears.” 

In a later edition of the same work (1895), Professor 
Dana presents the following further remarks on the subject: 

‘‘Man’s origin has thus far no sufficient explanation from 
science. 

“Man is not quadrumanous, or having four hands, as 
monkeys and apes are; his feet are palmigrade or plantigrade 
(walking on the whole sole of the foot), devoted to advance 
or locomotion, and resting on the ground, with hands or 
upper limbs for work. The teeth of his two jaws are exactly 
alike, each making one continuous even series, with nothing 
of the disastema (or vacant space or gap between the teeth 
of. the jaw) which prevailed among the higher monkeys. 
These are proofs that man has not descended from the Ape. 

“The brute, including the Ape, has powerful muscles in 
the back of the neck, to carry the head in a horizontal posi- 
tion, while Man has no such muscles. Man 1s the only erect 


80 Chapter VIII 


species of the whole (geological) series, and has a double 
curvature of back suited to this characteristic. 

“Beyond this, the great size of his brain, his intellectual 
and moral qualities, his voice and speech, give him sole title 
to the position at the head of the kingdoms of life. Since 
Man’s structural relations are in several respects closest with 
the precursors of the Quadrumana, his derivation from any 
known type of man-ape has been pronounced impossible. 
His brain is twice the size of the highest of the Quadrumana 
or Monkey tribe. He has an erect body, with erect fore- 
head and ideal symmetry. 

‘Man was the first (and the only) being, in the geological 
succession, capable of an intelligent survey of nature, and a 
comprehension of her laws (to which may be added his 
memory and reason, and his ability to plan and adapt means 
to ends, and to discover and invent useful things and 
methods); the first (and only one), capable of augmenting 
his strength by bending nature to his service, rendering 
thereby a weak body stronger than all possible animal force; 
the first (and only one) with soul and mind capable of 
deriving happiness from truth and goodness; of apprehend- 
ing eternal right; of reaching toward a knowledge of, and 
of learning about, self and God, and of loving Him; the 
first (and only one) therefore, capable of conscious obedience 
or disobedience to a moral law, and of governing his animal 
by his spiritual nature; and thus the first (and only one) 
subject to debasement of his moral nature through his ap- 
petites. 

“There are in man, therefore, spiritual elements, in which 
the brute has no share, as also in speech. His power of 
indefinite progress, his thoughts and desires that look onward 


The Origin of Man 81 


even beyond time, his recognition of spiritual existence and 
of a divinity above, all evince a nature that partakes of the 
infinite and divine.” 


That no other form for man need be expected in the 
future, except more beautiful from a lovelier spirit, is proven 
or indicated by the fact that God Himself assumed or took 
man’s present form (see John I. 1, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 14; Matth. 
I. 18-25); and hence it is the crowning form for this earth 
for eternity. 


To the above may be added the following information: 

Both man and a number of extinct animal species must 
have passed from Asia to America during the continuation 
of land elevation and the Ice Age, which was brought on 
by the elevation, as the Alps Mountains—known to have 
occurred during the last part of the Tertiary Era—the Plio- 
cene Period, and probably a great elevation also of the Rocky 
Mts. and of the Sierra Nevada—(see Geological Chart). 

At Galley Hull in the valley of the Thames River, Eng- 
land, and at Ipswich near the East coast, human remains 
were found in 1888, in Pleistocene high-level river drift, 
90-100 feet above the Thames. Galley Hill deposits show 
about 8 feet of gravel and sand at the surface, and under- 
neath this a clay deposit 2 or 3 feet thick. A skeleton was 
found in this deposit; the skull was closely related to the 
modern European. The remains of a “river-drift man” 
were found in the valley of the Lys, Belgium, in the valley 


82 Chapter VIII 


of the Neckar, a tributary of the Rhine, near Heidelberg, 
Germany, and at Kiev on the Dneiper in S. Russia. Gravel 
deposits contain the oldest known relics of man in Europe, 
all in perfect analogy with the streams in the glaciated area 
of the United States, and showing man’s recent creation and 
appearance. 

As to the question of ascent or descent of quality in the 
tribes in the United States, Professor Wright thinks that the 
tribes of the east at first were descended or declined from 
those who first reached the Pacific coast. ‘That is, instead of 
those of the Pacific coast having ascended or improved from 
Atlantic tribes, the latter—the rude Atlantic tribes—probably 
descended, declined, or were degenerate from the former— 
the Pacific-slope people. ‘The tribes of the Atlantic were in 
glacial as in post-glacial time, degenerate descendants of those 
on they Pacihc#slone.: 

Prof. Schoetensack discovered, Oct. 21, 1907, what was 
called “‘the Heidelberg Man.” “The antiquity of the skull 
is confirmed in these gravels at Maur by the bones of extinct 
species of elephant, rhinoceros, horse and bear, with bones 
of deer, bison and beaver now found further north.” 

In Wright’s “Origin and Antiquity of Man,” pp. 320-325, 
we read as follows: 

“Caves of Southern England bear abundant testimony to 
the existence of a prehistoric race in Great Britain, contem- 
porary with the River-Drift man of the Eastern counties, 
and of the Northern counties of France. Skulls of primitive 
type have been found associated with extinct animals both 
in Belgium and in the caves of England, and in Cannstadt, 
Wurtemberg, Germany.” | 

“Rude stone implements of various classes, and remains 


The Origin of Man 83 


of animals—bison, reindeer, horse and rhinoceros, charac- 
teristic of the Glacial epoch of the early cave-man, fixes their 
position with reasonable certainty.” 

In regard to “prehistoric human skeletons,” “Neanderthal 
skeletons of Europe have been regarded as ape-like,”’ as also 
‘skull skeletons” at Spy in Belgium. 

“With regard to the antiquity of man, so far as the ques- 
tion depends on his connection with the Glacial epoch, it is 
not proved to be, even awe a generous margin, greater 
than 12,000 or 15,000 years.” 

As calculated in Chapter VI, and repeated in the fore- 
part of the present chapter, man’s antiquity did not probably 
precede or commence 10,000 years before the end of the 
Glacial Period. 

“A study of the history of the world reveals the further 
fact that there has been no marked tendency of improvement 
in the human race, except as it has been brought in contact 
with the developing civilization that appeared in the earliest 
historic times. 

“But all civilization is traced back to that in the valleys 
of the Nile, the Euphrates and the vicinity, which appears 
in full tide 4000 or sooo years before the Christian era. 
From Central Asia the world received domesticated plants 
and animals. Assyrian and Babylonian empires constituted 
the earliest civilization in Western Asia; annals dating from 
2200 B.C. exist. Egypt was peopled from Asia, the seat of 
earliest civilization. The date of the founding of Memphis 
is estimated as 5000 to 4400 B.C. From Egypt the world 
received an alphabet, and a written language. Greece, and 
Rome from Greece, received their great tide of learning and 
civilization from Egypt. The Israelites or Jews, or the 


84 Chapter VIII 


Semitic nation from Jacob, and then Moses, were sojourners 
in Egypt about 3500 years ago; and finally our Lord Himself 
went down into Egypt, and learned as a child all the wisdom 
of the Egyptians.” 

In regard to the human race before the Incarnation of 
our Lord, we read that “‘the history of the human race gives 
no countenance to any doctrine of universal and general 
progress among the races of mankind, but sustains rather a 
doctrine of predominant natural tendencies to degeneration 
(see Genesis 6. 5-7; 11. 6-9; Matth. 23. 37-39; Luke 13. 34, 
35; 23. 33), which is only counteracted by prayer and effort, 
having learned about the Lord God and the keeping of His 
commandments, by which man may be born from above, 
from the Lord’s Holy Spirit (as we learn from John III. 
1-8), and by contact and education from specially favored 
nations, and by voluntary acceptance of theitsr most valuable 
ideas and practices. 

“While the antiquity of man cannot be less than 10,000, 
it need not be more than 15,000 years ago; 8000 to 10,000 
years of prehistoric time (that is, before or in addition to 
written history of say about 5000 years) is ample to account 
for all known facts relating to his development. Probably 
divine intervention assisted him to his pre-eminence,” as the 
knowledge, for instance, of the necessity and healing value 
to the human race of salt and olive oil, signifying also the 
true affection and true holiness of all offerings and worship 
of the Lord (see Gen. 28. 18; Levit. 2. 13; 7. 12; Numbers 
6. 1516044 Marko. 49, so;ukes7. 403 10. sea 0 

Though of course man, as long as he has discovered the 
auriferous gravels and slates of California, has undoubtedly 
gotten the gold out of them as far as he could by placers, 


The Origin of Man 85 


shafts and tunnels, and hydraulic workings, yet no human 
remains, skulls or otherwise, could possibly have been put 
in them while they were forming or being deposited, that 
is, so early, though of course they might be buried there 
when they—the workers—were working, that is, after their. 
working was finished there. If in one special case it has 
been otherwise, either the skull or skeleton must have been 
gotten there in an unnatural way, or else a mistake has been 
made in judging the chronology or time of the deposition 
or age of the gravels in which the remains were found. 

In every case and in any case, we may say, one thing is 
certain, that no human being lived before the Ice Age of 
the Quaternary, though such might have lived in some dif- 
ferent parts of that Age, in all probability during the latter 
portion of it, say within the latter 10,000 years out of the 
possible total of 20,000. 

It is generally admitted that the human race was living 
in Europe during the later “‘Pleistocene” or in the Quaternary 
Era or Age. : 

In the auriferous gravel of California, 10 to 100 feet 
below the surface, stone mortars were found, and the coarsest 
kind of implements. The ‘Calaveras skull” is said to have 
been found at or near the bottom of 38 feet of gravel, and 
below 94 feet of lava. The lava was of four layers— o’, 30’, 
15’ and 9’, and as we have before shown, could have been 
poured out within as many as 4 different or separate years, 
and the gravel may have been brought down by floods easily 
in 38 centuries, the total time being not over 4000 years. 

As to the people who were living west of the Coast Range 
near the Pacific Ocean, Prof. Whitney said that there are 
strong reasons for believing that man could not have main- 


86 Chapter VIII 


tained an existence there any earlier than towards the very 
close of the Pliocene epoch. And as we have said just above 
that we may be sure that genuine man, human beings, did 
not live before the Ice or Glacial Period, probably the latter 
portion of it, it follows that man did not live either near the 
Coast Range or elsewhere in California or in any other part 
of the United States or of the world in any part of the Plio- 
cene Period of the Tertiary Era; or betorethe ‘Quatetnaay 
Era. 

It has been announced by some that the discoveries in 
Europe, that is, in Portugal, carry man close to the verge 
of the Tertiary Era. Cut flints, evidently the work of human 
hands, are said to have been found there in abundance in 
the Pliocene and Muocene Periods of the Tertiary ira 
‘More than 1200 feet of strata have been piled over the beds 
containing these implements. ‘These rocks have been up- 
heaved and turned up at an angle in place quite vertical 
since man’s appearance. ‘This appearance was prior to the 
cessation of volcanic action.” 

It is said of Sir Charles Lyell, the great English Geolo- 
gist, that though he probably knew of the declaration concern- 
ing this matter in Portugal, that he did not mention it in 
his works, although in his great work on “The Antiquity of 
Man,” he did mention the fact of man being in the Ice Age 
in the Quaternary Era or “Era of Man,” after the Tertiary 
or “Era of Mammals.’ The fact that the strata were raised 
before the last volcanic eruption does not prove anything 
with regard to time, for such eruption may take place any 
time, and in a year or less. 

In regard to the beginning of man upon the earth, there 
is one thing that we should recollect and take into considera- 


The Origin of Man 87 


tion. God is a being of Infinite Love and Infinite Wisdom. 
These being His attributes, and man being His objective 
work or the end in His Creation, it seems to me a matter of 
common sense to see that He would not have created man 
at the wrong time, or before the time when He could make 
him happy and not miserable. To do the latter, would not 
be the work of Divine Love or Wisdom, but rather of both 
carelessness and foolishness. 

But supposing that flint implements were found in Portu- 
gal, India, California, Japan, Australia and elsewhere in the 
Pliocene and Miocene Periods, how should we be obliged 
to account for such facts? Probably we should then have 
to believe that some beings, though not man, had made those 
flint or stone implements. Since they were crude, not equal 
to those of France, we would have to believe that apes, in 
some respects like man, had done it'for purposes of eating 
and drinking and other natural purposes, and thus merely 
for the senses. This, of course, though perhaps not impos- 
sible, would be hard to believe. 

The proper time, then, for the creation and introduction 
of man by the Lord into His universe, would be that of the 
Quaternary, or Era of Man; and that would be, and no 
doubt was, in the latter part of the Glacial or Ice Period, 
and at the location where the Ice cold was not present, which, 
as we have stated, was in southwest Asia. 

Truly wonderful occurrences of human remains and 
works of art are said to be under Table Mountain in Tuo- 
lumne County, California. I have traveled several years 
over California,—San Francisco, Los Angeles and up 
through Shasta Co., through the “Mother Lode” from south 
to north, and have passed over the flat basaltic table-land of 


88 Chapter VIII 


Table Mountain; and although these remains and art-works 
may have been found under this capping of basalt, this does 
not prove that they were so located before the Glacial Period 
or the “Ice Age,” since the basaltic covering of that mountain 
must have been deposited afterwards, the precise time being 
not known, man having begun to live at first, and at his best 
estate, in southwestern Asia, in what was called in the Word 
of God the “Garden of Eden,” or of delight and beauty, in 
some portion of it, possibly about 15,000 years ago, gradually 
receding in quality to the time and state represented by the 
people before Noah, and after the dissipation and destruction | 
of these last, represented by the flood, the new series of 
people, beginning with those represented by Noah and his 
three sons—Shem, Japheth and Ham and their progeny, 
departed in various places and states spoken of and repre- 
sented in Genesis X and XI, separating, making choice and 
locating in all the various portions of the earth—Asia, 
Europe, Africa, America North and South, Australia, and 
all the islands near these continents, these islands having been 
connected with or parts of the Continents, but afterwards 
having separated by the descent of the land and the passing 
over it of the waters of the ocean, and so parting between 
the islands and Continents. 

But it may be asked “How is it possible that such vast 
advances have been made in art, building, construction, 
languages and so forth, if only some thousands of years have 
been required to reach the wonderful present attainments 
which now present themselves to our view, or which are 
known to exist throughout the earth and among the nations?” 

As is known and as we have said, the first great advance 
in knowledge and ability was made and shown among the 


The Origin of Man 89 


Asiatics and Egyptians, and no doubt was from the people 
of the “Silver Age,” of mankind beginning from Noah and 
his sons. 

From these, who cultivated the intellect, the nations of 
Europe who made advances in knowledge and ability, pro- 
ceeded, and some in Asia also; and these have been called 
the Aryan races or people. But it may be said that such 
real advances as have been made among the enlightened 
people would not have been possible through them, no 
matter how long they lived on the earth, unless it was by 
revelation from God the Creator, and by His raising up 
certain particular men, and sometimes women, persons say 
one in a thousand or many thousands of people who could 
receive such advanced revelation or inspiration spiritual and 
natural, who like the prophets could write the Word, others 
who could learn how to make designs and build properly; 
who could construct various kinds of machinery and neces- 
sary implements; others who could learn alphabets, languages 
and words, and so forth; and such persons as could do these 
things in their own lifetimes, within 30 or 50 years, such 
were and are the leaders and guides and shepherds of men, 
while the rest were mere followers, or sheep following their 
shepherds. ‘The race has had examples of such in Noah, 
Abraham, Moses, Joseph, David, Solomon, Ezra the Scribe 
and Nehemiah, the Prophets Elijah, Elisha, Isaiah, Jere- 
miah, John the Baptist, and (after Jesus our Savior) 
Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, and the rest of the apostles; 
in these latter days Isaac Newton, the discoverer of gravita- 
tion, Columbus, the discoverer of America, Emanuel Sweden- 
borg of the New or spiritual dispensation, Morse of the 
Telegraph, Cyrus W. Field of the Atlantic Cable, Thomas 


90 Chapter VIII 


Edison of the wonders of electricity, Graham Bell of the 
Telephone, Marconi of the Wireless Telegraph, Wright 
Brothers of the Air machines, and so forth. 

All such men may be said to have been and are geniuses 
and talented men of a high or the highest order, whom the 
Lord has given to the human race to guide it upward and 
onward through the Ages. We may be sure that a compara- 
tively few of such master-minds with their lives, for several 
generations, and not many thousands of years, have been suf- 
ficent to ensure for the human race all the marvellous advance 
at which we wonder, and do not fully understand how the 
beginnings and the details could have been arrived at and 
worked out. 

In the present marvellous New Age of the world, it is 
true that a large number of intelligent minds are added to 
the few master-minds, and the advances, as of the Radio and 
other things of marvellous ingenuity, are being added to the 
world’s knowledge; and also the lightning-like rapidity is 
equally wonderful, with which the time is speeding, so that 
a decade is like a former century in its work. 


In regard to the remains in the auriferous gravels of 
California, and in the gravels elsewhere, human remains, 
works of their art, and remains of animals: bones of the 
mastodon (like monstrous elephants), mortars and pestles, 
arrow and spear heads of obsidian, all these have been found, 
especially in Tuolumne County, in the uncovered gravels, 
as well as beneath the basaltic capping of Table Mountain. 


The Origin of Man gI 


these relics being found several (as low as go) feet below 
the surface and this capping. 

It is true that it is probably not certain that anything 
actually human has been found so, only the mortars and tools 
evidently of man’s production. These might have been put 
down there by or beneath the lava, at any rate, as is shown 
in the Geological Chart, in which the huge animals men- 
tioned are placed opposite the Champlain Period, not earlier 
than the Glacial Period, and towards the latter part of that. 
The whole matter of the time or Period in which the tools 
and animal remains were deposited in the places where they 
were found depends upon the time necessary for the deposit 
of the lava, and of the gravel underneath it. It has been 
shown that the lava may have been deposited quickly, within 
a year more or less, probably less; and the gravel, together 
with all its contents, might have been deposited in one or 
more centuries, so that it 1s not necessary to worry or vex 
ourselves with such immense amounts of time as some have 
thought it necessary to do. Volcanic lavas have been thus 
thrown out quickly, and in ancient times floods of rivers have 
rushed down and splashed their contents with tremendous 
rapidity, without any sluggishness, dilatoriness or modera- 
tion. And we may consider this to be true, even supposing 
that a skull, such as the “Calaveras skull,” was found in the 
gravel; and also if other parts of human bones were found 
many feet below the white or dark lava with animal remains, 
and the mortars and tools, the product of men’s hands. 

Dr. H. H. Boyce was struck with the great number of 
years which have elapsed since the life of this being—man. 
He said: 

“The auriferous drift was deposited long anterior to the 


92 Chapter VIII 


present drainage system. And when we look at the great 
depth which the rivers have worn through the drift, and 
into the rocky sides of the mountains, in some places nearly 
2000 feet, the mind is lost in wonder at the time which has 
elapsed since man was first born into the world.” 

And yet we must recollect that the immense amount of 
erosion and denudation which the region must have under- 
gone since those gravels were deposited, were effected with 
tremendous rapidity, as it were a jamming and slap-dashing, 
though of course less rapid as the melting or glacial retreat 
was finally ending. 

It has been said by Ribeiro in his Portuguese Memoirs 
of 1871, as has been before mentioned, that “more than 1200’ 
of strata (probably gravels) are there piled over the beds 
containing implements, the work of human hands”; and that 
“no traces of the rhinoceros, the elotherium or some animals 
like a small horse, have ever been found in deposits more 
recent than the basaltic overflows.” 

But it is not known exactly when these 1200’ of “strata” 
which were so piled up were laid down, and neither is it 
at all known exactly when these basaltic overflows were 
exuded, and covered the “strata” or gravels. As has been 
shown in all volcanic eruptions of which we know, it was 
probably done within a year, and the gravels might have 
been piled up within one or two thousand years. 

Professor Whitney says: “It is true that the evidence is 
fragmentary: still it may be said that the affinities of the 
animals found in the lower deposits would indicate a Mio- 
cene rather than Pliocene age. It seems that the Mastodon 
lived through a portion of the volcanic area, and flourished 
exceedingly down to a geologically recent period. ‘The ele- 


The Origin of Man 93 


phant, on the other hand, has not been detected in the beds 
below the basalt. 

“Taking all the evidence together, it is certain that the 
fauna (animals) of the gravel deposits is almost exclusively 
made up of extinct species, and we are justified in saying 
that it is far more Pliocene in its aspects than Post Pliocene 
Olmmcocnt:” 

Here is where it is believed that his supposition is incor- 
rect. As appears from the Chart, where the huge animals 
such as the Mastodon are recorded as suddenly appearing 
in the time of the Champlain Period close to the Recent, 

so Professor Whitney says a little further on, that there is 
“clear proof of the contemporaneous existence of man with 
the mastodon, fossil elephant and other extinct species at a 
very recent epoch.” 

But admitting, as we do, that man began to live on the 
earth some time during the Glacial Period, as we have 
reckoned it, and as we believe with probable approximate 
truth, lasting about 20,000 years, that is, that he began so 
to live not over 15,000 years ago, which would be about 
7000 or 8000 years before the termination of the Glactal 
Period: yet because the mastodon and some other gigantic 
animals were contemporaneous with him for some time into 
the Champlain and Recent Periods, this does not prove that 
he lived before the Glacial Period, or any time corresponding 
to the Pliocene Period of the Tertiary Era, but rather that 
hesbecaiemeite sone the. .earthitinwathes “Fost “Pliocene. — or 
Quaternary or “Era of Man.” 

Prof. Whitney further says that “man did not differ from 
what he now is in the same region, that is, in California, and 
over the whole North American Continent.” 


94 Chapter VIII 


But he continues thus: 

“Evidence proves that man existed in California previous 
to the cessation of volcanic activity in the Sierra Nevada, to 
the epoch (or time) of the greatest extension of the glaciers 
in that region, and to the erosion of the present river canyons 
and valleys, at a time when the animal and vegetable crea- 
tions differed entirely from what they are now, and when the 
topographical features of the State were extremely unlike 
those on the present surface.” 

We have admitted that men did exist before the last of 
the volcanic overflows, but we hold that the time of the 
cessation of these overflows not only is not known, but was « 
probably far up in the Glacial epoch, perhaps near its ter- 
mination; and since this must have been long after the 
glaciers’ greatest extension (that is, their invasion, if that 
time in California was the same as in the other parts of the 
United States) we cannot admit that it was possible for man 
to have lived so far previous to their latter retreat, as was 
their greatest extension or invasion, say 10,000 years before. 
As to the Professor’s belief and last statement that man was 
living previous to the erosion of the present river canyons 
and valleys, at a time when the animal and vegetable crea- 
tions differed entirely from what they are now, and when 
the topographical features of the State were extremely unlike 
those on the present surface, we do not disagree with this 
view, because we have concurred already with the view that 
the mastodon and other gigantic animals began late, and 
continued for a time with man, but disappeared before long;. 
and this may also have been the case with several vegetable 
species; and as we have stated, the erosion of the river 
canyons and valleys was very great, and at greatly changing 


The Origin of Man 95 


and different levels, much deeper at first and during progress 
than now. 

Though Prof. Whitney regarded man’s existence as very 
ancient, he regarded him then as now the same, that is, as 
man, and not as existing from some primordial stock (as the 
ape), from which man has been supposed by some to have 
been derived. 

ierOtcssotm mb. Wiiehtein, . Dhe TcesAge, in’ North 
America” (p. 533), says: “In Ohio as well as on the Atlantic 
Coast, man was an inhabitant before the close of the Glacial 
Period.” Hence he goes on to say that “the flint implements 
known as Indian relics belong to the superficial or black soil, 
and they are found abundantly on the surface, more sparingly 
the deeper we go, until on reaching the gravel proper, they 
disappear entirely.” 

He continues: “The valley of the Delaware is a picture 
of human life during that period, substantially the same as 
that presented by archeologists of Europe for southern Eng- 
land and northern France in the declining years of the 
Glacial period” (that is, the latter part of the retreating by 
melting of the ice). 

Speaking of California, he says: “A large number of 
human remains were found at great depths in this ancient 
higher-level gravel where not covered with lava, though 
some of them are doubtless of the same age with those from 
under Table Moutnain,” that is, supposing that the basalt 
deposited upon ‘Table Mountain was so placed in a short 
time, which it probably was. 

Prof. Wright further says, p. 706 of his “Ice Age in N. 
America”: 

“Tn America, as well as in Europe, the advent of northern 


96 Chapter VIII 


cold, we may well suppose, directly led to the extinction of 
many animal species. In North America the camel, hip- 
popotamus (or river horse), the rhinoceros (animal with 
horned nose), tapir, mammoth, horse, mastodon, were abun- 
dant at the opening of the Quaternary Age. ‘Their complete 
extermination is one of the most startling facts in geology.” 


IX 
PROFESSOR LOUIS AGASSIZ’S VIEWS 


IT is stated of the late Professor Agassiz, the great and 
world-renowned investigator and author of Cambridge, Mass. 
—professor of zo-ology and geology, or of “Natural His- 
tory,” in the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard Univer- 
sity, that “ the collections he has made are the most complete 
extant, embracing the whole range of the animal kingdom.” 
“From a general survey of species, Agassiz drew several 
very important conclusions respecting the relation of the 
Creator to the universe. The existence of a superior intelli- 
gence whose power alone could establish and sustain such 
an order of things, he considered to have been established by 
rigid demonstration, and on a truly scientific foundation.” 
He believed that “species do not insensibly pass into each 
other; but each has its appointed period, and is not con- 
nected, except in the order of time, with its predecessor. He 
saw this first in his examination of fossil fishes, of which he 
exhibits and describes an immense number in his great work 
on the subject.” ‘The fossil species,” he says, “differ from 
those now living, and differ in different stages of the same 
formation, as well as in different formations, leading to the 
conclusion that our globe has been peopled by a series of 
creative acts.” 

This illustrious observer and author undoubtedly meant 
that entire species, that is, vast numbers of fishes and other 
animals in each class or species, differed from every other 
entire species. If one species had developed into another, 
there would be many individuals in a great variety of changes 

97 


98 Chapter IX 


or stages of transition, and not whole classes or species 
similarly differing from other whole classes or species, as is 
the case. 

Professor Agassiz regarded with great grief the advent 
and growth of the Darwinian school of evolutionists, and 
did all he could to stem the tide of what he considered as a 
most deplorable “heresy”; and his last public work was the 
preparation and delivery in 1873, in Cambridge, of a course 
of six lectures, in which he set forth, as clearly as he could, 
the truth about the matter, and opposed, with all his wealth 
of research and wisdom, the errors of the theory of evolution, 
and of those who were misled and seduced thereby. 


x 
THE FUTURE LOT OF THE MATERIALIST 


AS it may be interesting and useful to know the probable 
lot of the materialist in the spiritual world, that is, of those 
who reject the Word of God, which teaches that man is 
the special creation and work of the Creator, and that there- 
fore, he is not derived from any previous creation or creature 
by evolution or development, and who presumptuously sub- 
stitute for the Divine teaching, their own alluring patchwork 
of fallacious notions and theories, I will endeavor to present 
the best product of my judgment from a careful study of the 
Word; and from what must be the facts of the spiritual 
world, as well as of the human mind and spirit in relation 
to them. 

In the first place, we may know from the Word, that the 
spiritual heat or good love, and the light of true wisdom, 
of the spiritual world, and of the human soul and mind, 
proceed from the “Sun of Righteousness” (see Malachi IV. 
2), which itself proceeds from the Divine Essential Spirit 
or the “Father,” and thence, since His Resurrection, from the 
Body of the Lord Jesus Christ, and is called, as we receive 
its heat and light, the Holy (or proceeding) Spirit (see 
John VII. 39; XIII. 31, 32; XIV. 16-18; Rev. I. 8, 16-18; 
NOC TNS2 SCT Ty c.):. 

They who reject the sunlight of God, and prefer their 
own phosphorescent self-derived light, which is really not 
light but darkness, it appears from the Word, are condemned 
(see John III. 18, 36; VIII. 12),—not indeed in the same 
manner or degree as those who are in fleshly lust, or who com- 

99 


100 Chapter X 


mit murder, adultery or theft; but their condemnation—of 
its intellectual kind—is just as certain, if they proudly and 
presumptuously put themselves against God in thought, and 
reject His Word; and we learn from that Word that rebel- 
lion is sinful in the sight of God (see I Samuel XV. 23). 

When, therefore, these materialists, with all others, come 
into the spiritual world consciously after death, they must 
necessarily find that the only real light is the light of God 
proceeding from the Sun of Righteousness and Truth, whose 
heat and light, as said just above, is the Divine and Holy 
Spirit of the Lord Jesus; for there is no other human light, 
that is, no other genuine illuminating light of the mind there 
or here; and this light is the same as is vouchsafed or given 
to us in the Word of God; and this light, which all who 
have access to the Word might have had and enjoyed if 
they had been willing to accept it, is what the mere material- 
ists have rejected, proudly imagining themselves to be wiser 
than that. 

Hence it would appear that they must inevitably do the 
same then and there as they have persisted in doing here in 
this external world. If they have hated or ridiculed and 
rejected the true light and the face of God and His Word, 
do they not prefer darkness and the phosphorescent light 
(the ignis fatuus) of their own mental eyes, and the false 
hypotheses which they have conjured up, and with the pseudo 
facts which they have tried to find in nature and the material 
world to confirm or substantiate them? And if so, are they 
not intellectually like those of whom it is said that they hide 
themselves in the dens and rocks of the mountains from the 
face of God (Rev. VI. 15, 16), since these correspond to the 
falsities and fallacies of their proud spirits and thoughts? 


The Future Lot of the Materialist IOI 


In the latter part of the Revolutionary War, when Bene- 
dict Arnold, then General Arnold, who by the friendship 
and kindness of the Commander-in-chief General Washing- 
ton, who appreciated his former good work in the northern 
Canadian country, and had bestowed on him at his request 
the command of West Point with its fortifications,—when 
nevertheless the said Arnold, on account of his enmity against 
Congress, which had not appreciated his services, had done 
all that he could, by means of Andre the British spy, to 
deliver that highly-prized post to the British, and when 
General Washington arrived there had fled, and finally when 
he had renounced the United States as his country, and gone 
over to England, it was suggested that he might in conse- 
quence forever be terribly afflicted mentally by suffering the 
pangs of conscience for his perfidy, and that this would be 
worse for him than any other kind of punishment. 

Washington, however, doubted that Arnold would so 
suffer mentally, explaining why he doubted it, by saying of 
him, “‘he lacks feeling.” 

And so, in regard to those merely natural scientists who 
do not believe in the Bible or the divinity of Christ, in ex- 
planation it may be said of them, that “they lack faith.” 
And the wise Apostle Paul says, ““Without faith it is impos- 
sible to please God” (Hebrews XI. 6). He knew that this 
was true. And we might add for their instruction what the 
Apostle Peter said concerning the Sacred Scriptures: “For 
the prophecy came not in old time by the will of man: but 
men spake from God, being moved by the Holy Spirit” (II 
Reterel 21) 

Jesus said to His disciples, when they saw that the fig- 
tree had withered away according to His judgment upon it 


102 Chapter XI 


because of its barrenness, symbolizing those who reject Him, 
and are consequently spiritually barren, “Have faith in 
God,” or “of God” (Mark XI. 12-14, 20-22). 

And to the Jews, who did not believe on Him, He said, 
“Search the Scriptures, for in them ye think ye have eternal 
life, and they are they which testify of Me” (John V. 39, 40). 

And to Thomas, the disciple who doubted that the Lord 
had risen from the dead, but who afterwards, when with 
his opened spiritual eyes he saw Him in His risen Divine 
Spiritual body (see I Corinthians XV. 42, 44), acknowledged 
Him, saying, “My Lord and my God,’—to Thomas Jesus 
said, ‘Be not faithless but believing. Because thou hast seen 
Me, thou hast believed: blessed are they who have not seen, 
and yet have believed” (John XX. 26-29). 

And finally, in Revelation I. 8, to John, who saw Him 
with his spiritual eyes in His wonderful Divine form, Jesus 
said: “I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, 
Who is and Who was and Who is to come, the Almighty.” 


XI 
WARNING TO STUDENTS 


HENCE I would warn those who are tempted to be 
seduced by the seemingly plausible hypotheses of the really 
blind materialists, to hold fast to the Word of God, not 
allowing the few portions of it which seem objectionable or 


Contents of the Word of God 103 


difficult to understand, to prevent them from receiving it as 
a whole, or the vastly larger portion, which should not be 
objectionable to any, and of which we can get some under- 
standing, if we study it, and humbly ask the Lord to help 
and enlighten us; recollecting that the whole Word is 
primarily and in some parts solely parabolic or symbolic of 
spiritual or internal things—motives—goodness and truth 
against evil and falsity, and in general of matters relating to 
God and the human soul. 


XII 
GENERAL CONTENTS OF THE ENTIRE WorRD OF GOD— 


From the Most. Ancient Time in “Eden,” to the Glorious 
Future in the “New Jerusalem.” 


IT also gives us, in the literal sense, the history, states 
and complete courses, of the several churches or dispensations 
which have existed on the earth from the most ancient time 
even to the present and future, namely: (1) of the Most 
Ancient Church or Race from the beginning of humanity 
on the earth to the time of Noah; (2) of the Ancient Church 
from Noah to Abraham; (3) of the Israelitish Church from 
Abraham, Isaac and Jacob to the birth of Christ, (see Luke 


104 Chapter XII 


XVI. 16)% (4) of the’ First; “Primitive; orvexternmals Gris. 
tian Church from its beginning to its end or Last General 
Judgment, predicted symbolically by the Lord in Matthew 
XXIV, Mark XIII, Luke XXI and Rev. VI, which, if we 
can credit the Swedish theologian and seer, Emanuel Swe- 
denborg, took place in the eighteenth century, in the year 
1757, during which year he assures us that, as a seer, he 
witnessed that great and important event of the world’s his- 
tory, transpiring in the spiritual world—the only place where 
it could occur, where all the deceased spirits are together. 

Since the time of the Last General Judgment, when the 
spiritual world was cleared, and new light descended from 
above, evidenced by the greater freedom of men’s minds, and 
the birth of the republics of the United States, France and 
others, and also by the enormous flood of wonderful and 
useful discoveries and inventions which have followed, every 
individual soul who enters the spiritual world at “death” 
must be judged according to his or her spirit and deeds, as 
we learn from Hebrews IX. 27, Romans XIV. 10, and 
Ecclesiastes XII. 14, as well as by our words, or our ex- 
pressed and judged or unjudged thoughts—see Matth. XII. 
36, 37. | 

And lastly (5) the Word depicts the Second, spiritual 
or internal, Christian Church, by the figure and symbol of 
the “Holy City, New Jerusalem, descending” or given us, 
as a system of true doctrine to be seen in and derived from 
the Word and a life according to it, “through the angelic 
heaven from God” (see Rev. XXI, XXIT). 

There may be, and I think there undoubtedly are, some, 
or even many, who are learned in one or more departments 
of science, and who respect the Word of God, and try to 


Contents of the Word of God 105 


follow its instructions as their rule and guide for life, in 
intention, thought, word and deed, but who have not care- 
fully studied the hypotheses and facts in relation to evolution, 
sufficiently to form an opinion or judgment in regard to them 
for themselves, and who think that those who do accept them, 
and have written about them with apparent authority, must 
know; and so they may rely on them, and accept their state- 
ments, without giving much attention to the subject. 

If this is the case with them, without any intention to 
reject the Word or deny its Divine authority, or to place 
themselves against it, they probably will be glad to know 
the genuine truth in regard to the subject when it is presented 
in such a way that they can understand it, either in this 
world, or in the other; and in such case they will welcome 
the light, and reject the fallacies of evolution as counterfeit. 

I would earnestly recommend all scientists, as well as 
others, as did the illustrious Newton and Agassiz, and a host 
of other good and devout scientists who have acknowledged 
the Lord Jesus Christ to be God, to read the Word—to read 
it daily, and to “Search the Scriptures” as enjoined by the 
Lord (see John V. 39), and if possible to read the whole 
Bible through at least once—from beginning to end, which 
may be done in about one or two years, reading about three 
or two chapters a day. 

There are some things which it would be well to recollect 
while reading the Bible through. In the first place, the 
books which are properly the inspired Word of God are, in 
the Old Testament, the five books of Moses, the book of 
Joshua, Judges, the two books of Samuel, the two books of 
Kings, the Psalms of David, the prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, 
Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, 


106 Chapter XII 


Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, 
Zechariah and Malachi; and in the New Testament, the 
four Evangelists or Gospels—Matthew, Mark, Luke and 
John, and the Apocalypse or Revelation. ‘The other books 
in the Old and New Testaments are not parts of the Word 
of God, but are nevertheless good books for the church, and 
valuable in many respects. 

In the second place, it would be well to bear in mind, 
as we read through the Bible, the nature of the successive 
dispensations, especially that the Jews or Israelites had a 
representative dispensation and ceremonial law, which they 
were enjoined most strictly to keep and perform, in default 
of a genuine self-denying and good life of love to God and 
the neighbor. 

Moreover, it is true that the literal sense of the Word 
is largely in the language of appearance, for the sake of the 
simple and unlearned; and this should be constantly borne 
in mind in reading it. 

A few examples from the Word will ‘ietnate this. It 
is said in Psalm VII. 11 that “God is angry (with the 
wicked) every day.” ‘This is an appearance due to the con- 
trariety of the wicked to the Divine Love and Goodness. In 
Genesis VI. 5-7, it is said that “Jehovah repented that He 
had made man” on account of man’s wickedness, and that 
He would “destroy man” because of it. This also is an 
appearance describing the necessity of a General Judgment 
on the Most Ancient Church or people, and the necessary 
spiritual death or condemnation of the awfully wicked of 
those living in its last time, because of their direful con- 
trariety to the Lord’s Love and Goodness, and hatred of one 
another. 


Contents of the Word of God 107 


Again in Jonah III. 10, it is said that “God repented 
of the evil which He said He would do to” the people of 
Nineveh, because they repented and turned from their evil 
way, and from violence (see Jonah III. 4-8). This also 
is an appearance, meaning that in His Mercy the Lord 
warned them that if they continued in evil, they would be 
destroyed or would perish eternally by it, but that having 
heeded the warning, His Divine Love and Goodness were 
propitious and favorable to them. 

Finally, we read in Isaiah XLV. 7, “I form the light, 
and create darkness; I make peace, and create evil; I 
Jehovah, do all these things.” ‘The truth here represented 
in the language of appearance is that it is the Lord’s presence 
that brings spiritual light; and His absence, by our turning 
away from Him as the earth turns away from the sun at 
night, spiritual darkness; and conjunction and union with 
His Love and Goodness produces spiritual peace; but op- 
position to them produces evil. 

It is the part of the wise man to see the real truth pre- 
sented in the language of the apparent truth. The proper 
way is to humbly ask the Lord, before reading the Word, 
for enlightenment from His own Holy Spirit, to enable us 
to understand it, and for the purpose of applying it to our 
lives. If we are too proud or presumptuous to do this, or 
if we think we are able of ourselves to understand it without 
God’s help, we can never rightly or interiorly understand its 
heavenly wisdom; for, as the Apostle Paul tells us (I Corin- 
thians, II. 14), “the natural man receiveth not the things 
of the Spirit of God . . . neither can he know them, because 
they are spiritually discerned”; and the natural man pertains 
to all of us. But if we are willing to humble ourselves 


108 Chapter XII 


before the Lord, and ask Him to enlighten us for the benefit 
of our souls, and for use to others, He will give us His Holy 
Spirit, that we may enter into the holy truths; and, as He 
says in John X. 9, “By Me, if any man enter in, he shall be 
saved, and shall go in and out, and find pasture’; for He 
has power to open our understanding that we may under- 
stand the Scriptures, as we read, in Luke XXIV. 45, that 
He did to His disciples of old, and as we read in Psalm 
XXXVI. 9, “in Thy light shall we see light.” 

And finally, by means of this spiritual light, by which we 
view the Lord God the Creator as the Author of all life and 
power, and form and development, and regarding all the 
natural facts so far as they can be known, we shall be enabled 
to detect the fallacies in the theories and hypotheses and 
doctrines of the evolutionists and mere materialists or pseudo- 
scientists, insofar as they disregard and seek to evade or 
invalidate the Creator’s constant influence and action through- 
out His whole universe, creating new and various species in 
the order of His Divine Providence, and afterwards creating 
new individuals according to those forms and natures which 
He has already created, co-operating with the parents, so 
that it seems to the foolish (see Psalm XIV. 1 and LIII. 1) 
that the offspring is their own work, and that God had no 
hand in it, which of course is a fallacy, and entirely contrary 
to the truth; and that this book on the subject may be power- 
fully helpful and conducive to a right view and understand- 
ing of it, is the earnest prayer of the author. 


I will add, for the enlightenment of those who have not 
rightly understood the facts in regard to the Lord Jesus 


Contents of the Word of God 109 


Christ; His birth, His life on earth, and His Resurrection 
and Ascension: 

First, it was necessary for Him to come on earth like 
every other man, though not by Joseph—his foster-father, 
but by Mary—a virgin, His natural mother, that though 
being from the Divine or Holy Spirit of God, He might 
be clothed with a human nature and material body, by which 
He seemed at first, and occasionally afterwards, to be separate 
from His Divine Father—His own Inmost Soul. Otherwise 
devils or evil spirits could not have approached and tempted 
Him, for His Divine Nature of Infinite Love and Wisdom 
would have destroyed them, as the earth would be instantly 
destroyed if it should enter the sun. 

Secondly, it was necessary that during His life here, He 
should resist and overcome the temptations of the evil 
spirits. Otherwise He could not have brought down power 
through obedience to the precepts of the Divine Word, to 
give us to do the same. 

Thirdly, if He had not thus gradually gotten rid of the 
lower nature, as He represented by saying to His natural 
mother Mary, “Woman, what have I to do with thee?” (see 
John 2. 4), and finally His material body, and brought down 
His Divine Humanity instead, He could not have united 
with, or ascended to, the Internal and Inmost Divine—God 
the Almighty. See (1) John 7.39, but (2) John 14.5-10, 
(2) )13igteeg2, (4) 16.33, (5) 20.17,,.(6) Matth. 28.16—-20), 
(7) John 14.21 (8) Luke 24.49-51, (9) Mark 16.19, 20: 
verse 19 denotes His Omnipotence and government of all 
things in the Universe by His Spirit. 

ALBERT P. SCHACK. 
Washington, D. C., 1920. 


XIII 
APPENDIX 


Concerning new discoveries—relics of supposed men of 
the Pliocene and Glacial Periods, concerning the possible 
true location of the “Garden of Eden,’ and the “Flood”; the 
successive Gold, Silver, Copper and Iron Ages, with the 
character of the peoples of those Ages; and concerning the 
various nations descending from the original or first parents 
or race, or from the sons of “Noah,” and their migration 
throughout Asia, Europe and Africa, and also North and 
South America,—thus throughout the whole earth. 


THERE was found in 1907, (as stated in Chap. VIII, 
p. 82), near Heidelberg, Germany, a lower jaw merely, in 
an ancient river-drift of sand, supposed by some to be that 
of a man, and so named “the Heidelberg Man.” 

A skull, and some other bones, were found at Neander- 
thal on the Diissel River near Dtisseldorf, Germany, sup- 
posed to belong to a man of what has been called the 
“Neanderthal race”; also a similar skull at Gibraltar; and 
these have been supposed to have overrun, as a race, at least 
Western Europe. But this people, as so discovered, with 
their flint weapons and the caves in which they dwelt, were 
regarded as being far later than those represented by the 
“Heidelberg Man.” 

The “Chellean” (French) ‘and “Acheulean, ffine 
workers,” are supposed to have lived at the same period 


with the “Neanderthals,” during a comparatively genial 
110 


Appendix: The Ages and Nations of the Earth III 


climate; but during the cold season it is supposed that they 
were driven for shelter to caves. 

This class—the “Neanderthals’—has been regarded as 
rather an inferior race, and to have been succeeded by a 
race greatly superior, called the “Cro-Magnons,” from the 
name of a place where their remains were found (see Chap. 
VIII. p. 74), who were believed to have come from Asia, 
through northern Africa; and the “Grimaldi” type, a negroid 
and dwarf type, were supposed to have been brought from 
Africa into Europe by the “Cro-Magnons.” This very 
superior race is supposed by some to have appeared in 
Europe ‘25,000 to 30,000” years ago; but being referred to 
fice Ghamplain Period’) (see; Chap. VIII,’ p75; and) the 
Geological Chart), this time might really be not over 7000 
to 9000 years ago. 


The above may be said to be about the best the natural 
scientists, who have examined the evidence they have thought 
to have obtained from the strata in Europe, have produced 
to support their ideas that the lowest types of man were 
produced first, and were closely allied to the Ape or Gorilla; 
and that therefore, since after the inferior skeletons, or the 
skulls and bones they have found of them, superior races, 
such as those called ‘“‘Cro-Magnons,” succeeded,—that there- 
fore our present best races of men must have come from the 
ape or gorilla, and these from the still lower classes of 
animals. 

But these classes of men—mere natural scientists—do not 
take into consideration that before any low class of men who 
possibly may have lived, and traces of them found as they 


112 Chapter XIII 


claim or think—that before their time there may have been 
and probably were created, as has been mentioned in chapter 
VIII, p. 75, a race most superior, in what the ancients called 
the “Golden Age,’ and in our Bible as they are called 
“Adam and Eve” or man and woman, or as we might say 
“mankind—male and female—of both sexes” (see Gen. V. 
Igy 

Let us notice first that when the first people of mankind 
were created, as the Word of the Lord tells us in the Ist 
Chapter of Genesis, “Zhe Lord God commanded them to 
have dominion’ over all the animals (v. 26); and then we 
are told moreover (v. 27) that “God created man in Huis 
own image; male and female created He them.” 

Hence, according to this account, from the very first, 
man was created superior to all the animals or beasts, and was 
commanded to be superior to them—every one of them— 
“fish, fowl, all cattle, over all the earth, and over every living 
thing that creepeth or moveth upon the earth.” Evidently 
therefore God created man distinct from the mere animals, 
and of the highest character, truly celestial or heavenly men 
and women, in His own image, or as St. James (one of the 
brothers of the Lord) says (James III. 9), “after the simili- 
tude of God.” 

And after He had thus created man, so nobly and so 
worthily, we read (Gen. II. vv. 19, 20) that “God brought 
every beast, cattle and fowl to man (Adam), and whatsoever 
man (Adam) called every living creature, that was the name 
thereof.” 

That is, as the first real men were lovely, so also they 
were wise or intelligent, and intuitively from the Lord knew 
the quality of every beast or animal—its true use, nature or 


Appendix: ‘The Ages and Nations of the Earth 113 


character. This also showed plainly that they were no beastly 
or degraded beings, as men and women, that God created in 
the beginning, but the most exalted of beings, genuine “angels 
of God,” no doubt truly beautiful, not only in hearts and 
minds, but also in their human forms, and like little children 
—children of God, “naked and not ashamed” (Gen. II. 25), 
because there was nothing to be ashamed of,—as the ancients 
called it “The Golden Age”; and this is why it has been 
said by some (see II Peter II. 4; Jude, v. 6) that “the angels 
fell from their first estate,” that is, the first angelic men and 
women. And so, probably after some generations, repre- 
sented by the descent of mankind (Adam and Eve) into the 
natural mind out of the celestial or heavenly, it is said (Gen. 
VI. 5) that “God saw that the wickedness of man was great 
in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of 
his heart was only evil continually.” 

And then the “flood” came, wherever that naturally was, 
possibly (as said in Chap. VIII, p. 76) throughout Palestine, 
Syria, Mesopotamia, Assyria and vicinity, and the territory 
south of or about Mt. Ararat (see Gen. VIII. 4), or western 
or southwestern Asia; or part of what has been called 
Turkey in Asia, west of Persia, and north and west of 
Arabia. Thus there was a great retrograde. Men finally 
became like beasts, and even worse than beasts; and there 
was a great destruction of their natural lives, except those 
represented by Noah and his wife, and his three sons. 


It is true that some of the last of the mere animals or 
beasts, created before the genuine angelic men and women 
called “Adam and Eve” of the “Golden Age,’ were mon- 


114 Chapter XIII 


keys, apes and gorillas; but not a single one of them, as we 
now have samples of them, can speak as men, or read the 
Word of God, or can learn to do so; nor do they care, or 
can they try to learn or to keep the commandments of God 
and so be regenerated, or born from above, or from His 
Holy Spirit (see John III. 3-8), which every negro and 
even Indian can do in time, and many have done. This is 
because the necessary sort of brains and so minds have not 
been given to them by the Creator or the Almighty, and He 
does not expect or require them to do so, as He does of us 
human beings, whom He has so gifted with the necessary 
kind of brains, and so minds and souls (see Micah VI. 8). 


Noah, followed by his sons or descendants, Shem, Ham 
and Japheth, began what was called the “Silver Age,” lovers 
of the truth, especially from Japheth,—the “Aryans,” and 
who might have been somewhat exemplified by the “Cro- 
Magnons,” who have been classed and credited as far 
superior to the former inferior classes of supposed men, and 
may have been of that second or Silver Age, from which, as 
above-said, Shem and Japheth with their posterity proceeded 
(see Gen. X and XI), while the “negroids” who were brought 
from Africa would naturally be from the people represented 
by Ham and his descendants. 

After the “Silver Age,” when people thought less in- 
teriorly, but were more in the natural mind, though having 
a charitable and thus good principle and endeavor of that 
lower degree, the Age called the “Copper Age” probably 
followed, named from the red color of that metal and its 
somewhat soft quality. 


Appendix: The Ages and Nations of the Earth 115 


And still later, when this natural good and charitable 
principle generally ceased, and instead, a hard, cold, natural 
principle took possession of men’s minds, and a sharp, critical 
and severe sight and nature resulted, what has been called 
the “Iron Age,” corresponding to the hard quality and some- 
what white color of that metal—probably appeared. 


Of course, it is impossible for anyone to tell how the 
lower jaw found near Heidelberg ever got there where it 
was found. A supposition of any kind in regard to it is a 
mere guess. 

The proposition which the naturalist and evolutionist, 
finders of the small fragment or of a lower jaw, seek to 
establish and to be accepted by the people of the world as 
truth, which is that this small fragment belonged to a human 
being, and showed that such a one, or a number of such 
human beings, lived on the earth “375,000,” or even 150,000 
years ago, is far too great a proposition or assertion to rest 
upon a foundation so minute and practically infinitesimal, 
as a lower jaw and its teeth. It may well be asked of those 
who make the proposition, “How do you know that this 
belonged to a human being, and lived so long ago?” ‘The 
answer must be, ‘“‘We do not know; we only suppose that 
it was so from its location near the remains of extinct species 
of animals.” Our reply might then be “Then you have no 
right to call it “The Heidelberg Man,’ or any man at all.” 
As we have said, it is only a lower jaw, with its rear unlike 
that of a human being, and it probably was that of an ape, 
by some called an “ape-man,” ‘a woolly, strange-looking, 
inhuman creature.” 


116 Chapter XIIT 


Again, in regard to the bones of the “Neanderthal race,” 
it appears that even these so-called men stooped forward and 
could not hold their heads erect, as all living men in health 
do or can. 

But supposing that they were men, as has been inferred or 
concluded by many, on account of the flint implements, etc., 
found with them, then, according to the doctrine of the first 
men being of the Golden Age, the best and most superior 
people—created in the image of God, those of the “Neander- 
thal race’ would not have been before these, or as the begin- 
ning of that first Age, but really coming after them by de- 
generation or degradation, as the degenerate part of that 
Age. 


It may be asked, ‘‘Why are none—no remains—found of 
the people of the Golden Age, and the ‘Garden of Eden,’ 
if it existedr” Probably there were comparatively few of 
this race at first. And we must recollect that the first race, 
that is, their posterity, retrograded, became very degraded, 
evil, and as we have said, many of them worse than beasts, 
so that there was a flood of falsity and also of water, which 
destroyed almost all the people, and no doubt most of their 
bodies (see in Chapter VIII, p. 76). 

It is most likely that the Lord would create men and 
women where and when there was genial climate, so that 
there could be a “Garden of Eden” or “pleasantness,”’ where 
“every tree good for food” could grow. Such a place there 
was, without glaciers, in Mesopotamia or Assyria, by the 
Euphrates and the Tigris (‘“Hiddekel’) Rivers and two 
others (see Genesis II. 10-14), including perhaps the “holy 


Appendix: The Ages and Nations of the Earth 117 


land of Canaan” or Palestine and Syria (see Zechariah II. 
12), embracing perhaps 750 miles from northwest to south- 
east or from the Black Sea to the Persian Gulf, and perhaps 
about 500 miles from northeast to southwest, or between the 
Caspian Sea and the Mediterranean. The climate may have 
been moist, though now dry. It was probably about 10,000 
to 15,000 years ago (see Chap. VIII, p. 84). 

As regards the Geological times or Periods of the begin- 
nings of men and women, or as we have depicted of the 
“Golden Age,” followed by the “Silver Age,” they were prob- 
ably those of the Post Pliocene, or “Pleistocene” of the 
Quaternary or “Era of Man,” near the close of the Glacial 
Period (as presented in Chap. VIII, p. 93). 

Thus in the valley of the Tigris (or “Hiddekel”) and 
Euphrates, and the “‘Pishon” and ‘“Gihon,” northwest of the 
Persian Gulf (see Gen. II. 8-14), possibly extending through 
“Canaan” or Palestine, or as above-said in Southwestern 
Asia, or the south and east portion of what has been since called 
“Turkey in Asia,” which was untouched by the Glaciers 
and their invasion, and where were the earliest traces of 
civilization, the human race in its purity was begun, ap- 
proximately as above-said, 10,000 to 15,000 years ago. 

Southwestern Asia seems to have been, therefore, the 
natural location of the Garden of Eden in the Golden Age 
of mankind, where, from the Loving-kindness and Divine 
Wisdom and Power of the Almighty, the human race in its 
first, best and practically perfect condition and estate was 
created, and from whence the various races represented by 
the three sons of Noah,—Shem with the Semitic descendants 
or races, including Hebrews, Arameans, and Arabs; Japheth 
with the Aryan races in Asia and Europe and perhaps in 


118 Chapter XIII 


Egypt, as well as the Indians and other inhabitants of 
America, reaching hither in all probability from Asia, east- 
ward through Behring Strait, or Behring Sea by way of the 
Aleutian Islands, to and through Alaska; and Ham with his 
progeny in Africa: all these having developed and migrated 
thus to all parts of the world. 


We should consider in this matter, the kindness and wis- 
dom of God; and we should also recollect that even the 
“Neanderthal” race were thought, by some of those who 
regard them as our early ancestors, to have been as gorilla- 
like monsters with hairy bodies, probably like the thick 
covering of the Polar bears, for protection against the cold 
or freezing temperature of the Ice Age, having low brows, 
ape-necks, stooping forward and unable to stand erect, and 
being chinless, probably incapable of speech. Does this look 
as if it were the proper work for man of the omniscient and 
prefect Creator, Who gives us in the beginning of His Word 
(in Genesis I, Il) an account of a truly Golden Age, in 
which He classed His work, especially of the original crea- 
tion and beautiful life of man at first, in the image and like- 
ness of God, as “‘very good’’? 

Moreover, we should consider and recollect that this 
account in Genesis, and the following accounts of the Bible, 
make a Divine book, dictated by God the Creator through 
men chosen as prophets and amanuenses, who were neither 
able, nor would they have dared, to write, by their own 
power, such a book or such an account. For if any men felt 
an inclination to do so, such men, being holy and truly 
reverent men, would have refrained from attempting to do 


Appendix: The Ages and Nations of the Earth 119 


it, knowing that it would be profanation, and impossible for 
them, without having authority and summons for the work 
by the Lord God Himself (see Isaiah VI. 8-13). And 
though the serpent that talked with the woman (see Gen. 
III. 1-5) was, in the internal or spiritual, and thus the 
primary sense, the sensual, merely natural and fleshly prin- 
ciple which drew the people of the Golden Age down, and 
which made it necessary for the Lord to warn or instruct 
that people, and all human beings, to have dominion over 
all animals, or animal principles or impressions in our being 
or nature (Gen. I. 26-28), and also against receiving and 
relying on our own knowledge as gospel or the truth (Gen. 
II. 17); yet it is also true in the natural or lower or literal 
sense, that God has given man a character, highness, eleva- 
tion or exaltation of brain, and mind within it, to be entirely 
above every mere animal, which He has not thus endowed, 
and which is evident not only from his speech, but from his 
possible thought, understanding and devout worship, and 
also by his ability to invent, and apply to useful purposes, 
things which are absolutely and altogether impossible for 
any mere animal, from lowest to highest, including all kinds 
of apes, to accomplish and produce, and so to do, any genuine 
good in the world. 

The naturalists or evolutionists do not seem to have 
noticed or reflected upon the law of Divine Providence that 
every individual must be created from seed, thus a sheep 
from seed of a male sheep in the womb of the female, the 
horse, male or female, from the seed of the horse, the ape 
from the seed of the ape, and the child of the man or woman 
from the seed of the man in the womb of the woman. Nor 
can an ape by its seed produce a single child which can become 


120 Chapter XIII 


a man, nor can a single man be produced in any other way 
than from the seed of a man; not from the seed of a horse, 
ape, or any other mere animal. Consequently it is foolish 
to suppose that any ape, orangoutang or gorilla could be 
changed into, or in any way or time, though it should live 
a million or a billion years, could produce any man, since 
such production could only come from the seed of a male 
man through the womb of a woman, or female of mankind. 

The only two exceptions to this law, that the creation and 
birth of human beings into the natural or material world 
must be from seed of a man through the womb of woman, 
were first, in the original creation of the first men and women 
or race of mankind, male and female, by God (see Gen. I. 
27; V. 2; Matth. XIX. 4; Mark X. 6), when there were 
no men to furnish seed, and no women to receive it in their 
wombs; and second, in the birth of Jesus Christ from the 
Holy Spirit of God, through some material substance fur- 
nished therefrom (even as the bread from the Lord’s Spirit 
and hands fed the 4000 and 5000), and not from Joseph or 
any man, in the womb of Mary, who was a Virgin, until she 
had borne Him (Jesus, the Christ or Messiah), as “her first- 
born son” (see Matth. I. 25; Luke II. 7), and until He had 
been delivered and brought into the world as the Son or 
Humanity of God; after which she produced four human 
sons, and at least two daughters from Joseph (he acting only 
as the foster-father of Jesus), “brothers and sisters” of the 
Lord Jesus (see Matth. I. 20-25; XIII. 55, 56; Acts I. 14; 
Luke I. 26-31, 34, 35, 39-47; II. 8-14; 25-32). 


The late discovery, in Galilee of Palestine, of the skull 


Appendix: The Ages. and Nations of the Earth ¥2} 


poy an ancient tidal 9 found) 1m a) cave’ near. they sea.’ of 
Galilee,” may not conflict with anything presented above. 

If the skull is that of one of the Neanderthal race, if it 
was not that of a man, but of an ape, the deduction or in- 
ference therefrom would only be that he or others of that 
race or species were in that southwestern Asiatic region as 
well as in Europe or elsewhere. 

The three depressions in the skull supposed by some to 
be from a trepanning operation “with a flint instrument by 
a Neanderthal surgeon,” are extremely unlikely to have been 
operated or caused by such means or such beings. 

If the skull is that of a man—a human being, the estimate 
or guess of 40,000 years ago, supposed to be about the time 
of his existence on earth, is I think far too ancient. As the 
reporting correspondent, from his point of view, well wrote, 
“apparently man has come by his present form in a much 
briefer space of time than many of us were prepared to 
allow only a year or two ago.” 

As to the exact size, space or extent in any direction of 
the “Garden of Eden,” it is of little importance. The prin- 
cipal point of interest is, as we have said, that it probably 
included Palestine or the “Holy Land,” and the land about 
the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers; in general, southwestern 
Asia, in the region or neighborhood of “Turkey in Asia.” 
The distance from southeast to northwest, or southwest to 
northeast, whether from 100 to 750 miles, is of no great con- 
sequence. 


ARS 


New York City, 1925. 


THE END 








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